Download Antebellum Period (Before the Civil War)

Antebellum Period (Before the Civil War)
Regions grew increasingly different.
Differences were increased by economic specialties.
Regional pride led to self-interested sectionalism
Settlement of West exacerbated the tensions leading to secession and war
North
Cities, pubic education to assimilate immigrants, immigrants came for jobs in factories.
Region was had more cultural diversity and was growing fast.
Had very few slaves by 1840 most had been emancipated.
Wanted, High tariffs and a National Bank.
South
Large plantations and a privileged class dominated government, society and culture, but
most Southerners lived on small family farms and did not have slaves.
Had few cities, wealthy were educated at home, no public education
Region did not attract many immigrants because of lack of jobs and land.
Wanted low tariffs and to spread slavery
West
As settlers moved into the region they carried their cultural values with them.
New England – Northwest
South- KY, AL,MS,TX
Wanted cheap land, uncontrolled banking, and internal improvements
African Americans and Slavery
Cotton gin (1794) removed the seeds from cotton and allowed cotton to be more
profitable cash crop across the South.
1790
1820
1840
1860
Number of slaves
697,624
1,538,000
2,487,355
3,953,760
Pounds of cotton
1,600,000
160,000,00 400,000,000 1,650,000,000
How did the invention of the cotton gin transform slavery and the South?
In 1790 every state had slaves, but by 1840 slavery is almost extinct in the North.
North:
North West Ordnances prohibited slavery in the old Northwest (OH, MI, WI, IN, IL)
Free Blacks:
North: did not have same rights as whites (Disenfranchised)
Last hired first fired and only least attractive jobs were open to free blacks
De Facto segregation: not by law but by social customs (example churches)
South: mostly lived in cities and were artisans did not have civil or political rights
Of the 488,070 free blacks living in the United States, about 10 percent of the entire black
population. Of those, 226,152 lived in the North and 261,918 in the South
Why would free African-Americans stay in the South?
Great Awakening (religious revival movement)
Strongest in the Northeast and Midwest and spread to the less wealthy and less educated.
Great Awakening contributed to the reform movement (abolitionist and women rights)
that divided the nation before the Civil War.
Abolitionist movement: Originated among Quakers who believed everyone, including
slaves had an inner light. Movement’s goal was to ban slavery, but they had little impact
of government policy. (See chart below)
Women Rights Movement
Active in the North and tied to the abolitionist movement (made movement split over the
right of women to speak in public against slavery)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
after they were denied to right to participate at an abolitionist convention. Protested
their second class citizenship (lack of suffrage, own property, equal education)
Movement not successful during antebellum
Causes of Civil War
As the nation expanded and added new states, Southern elites became increasingly
determined to maintain slavery.
What did Southern elites fear?
Population
changes
New states were
admitted to the
Union
Missouri wants
to be a new slave
state
Texas wants to
be a new slave
state
Northern and Western states are increasing population through
immigration and westward movement.
South’s population was stagnate The South had fewer votes in the
House and was losing ability to protect southern interests. (even
with the 3/5 compromise) Looked to the Senate to protect Southern
interests
Threaten to upset the balance of Free and slave states in the senate
Missouri Compromise: Maine added as free state. Prohibited slavery
in territory above 36 30 (bottom of Missouri)
Admission is delayed for a decade because of Northerners object
over adding another large slave state.
Mexican War
Willmot Proviso
California wants
to be a free state
Abolitionist
movement
Northerners saw Polk’s willingness to go to war over “slave
territory” as the influence of the slave power since he did not to war
or territory in Oregon
Any territory won from Mexico was “free soil” or not open to slavery.
Passed the House (dominated by free states) but could not pass the
Senate (balanced free vs slave) Showed the South how important it
was took keep a balance of free and slave states.
Would upset the balance in the Senate
Compromise of 1850:
1. Popular Sovereignty: people in state vote to decide on issue of
slavery in rest of Mexican cessions
2. California a free state
3. Sale of slaves prohibited in Washington D.C.
4. New fugitive slave law enforced by federal government
No one was happy with the results.
Northerners tired to circumvent fugitive slave law.
Made slavery hot topic, but did not impact actions of national
government for many reasons:
1. Gag rule: bills on slavery could not be debated on the floor of
congress.
2. Liberty Party (abolitionist) did not win office
Movement did impact how Americans felt about slavery
1. Nat Turner(1831) led a slave rebellion that killed at least 55
whites. Over 200 African-Americans were executed in the
hysteria that followed. States became more repressive
toward African-Americans
2. Fredrick Douglass: Former slave turned author/ speaker
showed North that slaves did not lack intellectual capacity
3. The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison ‘s newspaper, was
banned in the South. Showed South’s fear of movement
4. The Grimke Sisters: Grew up on large plantation in SC and had
first hand experience with slavery. Gave speeches on the
need for abolition
5. Helped some slaves (very few) escape on Underground
Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe) Book made many
feel sympathy for slaves and showed anger for fugitive slave
law
7. John Brown’s Raid: Attacked Harper’ Ferry trying to arm
slaves. Struck fear into slave owners and made them fearful
of the intentions of Northerners. Many Southern states start
creating militias to protect selves.
Southerners believed all of the North felt like abolitions, but it was
only a minority.
Kansas-Nebraska Missouri Compromise was overturned by Supreme Court and
Republican
Party
Dred Scott
Election of 1860
opened up new land (KA-NE) to slavery. Popular sovereignty would
decide question of slavery. Pro-Slavery and Anti-Slavery groups
competed for control. Kansas became a battle ground with both
sides taking up arms. “Bleeding Kansas” 50-100 people were killed
Party emerged during “bleeding Kanas” and took up the Free Soil
stance was not abolition. They wanted the land open to small white
farmers not large plantations.
Supreme Court decision that slavers are property and their owners
rights are protected in free states. Supreme Court Rulings made it
hard for Congress to make laws restricting the expansion of slaver.
Northerners feared that Supreme Court might rule that state laws
against slavery were unconstitutional
Lincoln won, even though he was not on the ballot in most Southern
states. Many Southerners feel they have no voice in the government
and that their states rights were being violated so they push for
secession.
Secession
After the election of 1860 South Carolina led other Southern states in seceding from the Union
and forming the Confederation States of America. Secession challenged democracy as a minority
of Americans determined to leave he Union because they were dissatisfied with the outcome of
the 1860 election. Southern feared that Lincoln would grant freedom to slaves. Lincoln pledged
to preserve the Union and democracy. War started when Confederate (South) fired on federal
troops at Fort Sumter.
Economic Factors
The Union (the North) had greater industrial capacity, more railroads, manpower, and a navy
The Confederacy (the South) depended on King Cotton and trading relationship with Great
Britain to provide manufactured goods and ships.
The South shipped 1,080,000,000 pounds of cotton to Great Britain in 1860
Geographic Factors
The South’s Economy was reliant on being able to import and export goods.
North: The North had resources and factories. They blockaded the southern ports, split the
South at the Mississippi River and took the capital at Richmond.
What factor allowed the North to blocked the South? Why was this a good strategy?
South: Invaded the North twice in effort to gain foreign support and hasten the end of the war.
Leadership
The South:
Start of war enjoyed advantages in military, leadership and Geography.
They were able to move their men and material via railroad between battlefronts under the
leadership of Robert E. Lee. Southerners were also more familiar with their home terrain.
Disadvantage: South Jefferson Davis (Confederate president) was not able to get the states of the
Confederacy to work together.
The North had the advantage in political leadership. Abraham Lincoln was able to articulate the
propose of the war as a the preservation of the Union and “Government of the people, by and for
the people.” His skill help to keep Northerners behind the war effort even when the war was not
going well.
Military leadership was weak until Lincoln put Grant in change of the Union Army. Grant was
willing to sacrifice men to win a battle.
Why was Grant willing and able to sacrifice more men than General Lee?
Emancipation Proclamation (Turing point in war)
Emancipation Proclamation only gave freedom to slaves in states in rebellion(the
Confederacy)
Lincoln hesitated to free the slaves. He feared it would undermine the unity of the North and
antagonize the border states (which had slavery)

The goal of the Emancipation Proclamation was a military, diplomatic, and political.

It gave the South one last chance to make peace and keep their slaves.

It did not immediately free any slaves. Slaves in “states in rebellion”(the confederacy)
received freedom as Union army captured their homeland.

Many slaves ran to Union forces and freedom

Allowed African Americans to enlist in Army.

They served with distinction, which disproved myths about capability.

They were in segregated units under white commanders

Were poorly supplied and paid compared to white soldiers

Changed the purpose of the war to Freedom and the end of slavery.

13th amendment gave freedom to all slaves
What factors allowed the North to win the Civil War?
The North used total war: All civilian-associated resources and infrastructure are targets.
(Sherman’s March to the Sea) Total war had an impact on the South’s willingness and ability to
fight the war.
In the Civil War total war was very successful, but was it moral?
Impact of Civil War:
The outcome of the Civil War had a profound impact on the course of democracy, preserving the
Union while at the same time liberating an enslaved minority.
Supreme Court ruled secession to be unconstitutional, but did not end the idea of state’s rights.
The idea of the Confederacy is still revered by some parts of society.
The idea of secession was based on the principle that a majority in one region could deny
rights to a minority and at the same time claim their minority rights would be violated by the
decisions of the national electorate.
Explain the meaning of this statement?
Key Battles:
Fort Sumter
What happened
Impact on War
Bull Run/Manassas
Antietam
Victory allowed Lincoln to issue
Emancipation Proclamation
Vicksburg (Grant)
Gettysburg
Atlanta (Sherman’s
March to the Sea)
Siege at Petersburg
Appomattox Court House
General Lee Surrenders to
General Grant
Key Battles:
Fort Sumter
What happened
The South fired on union
forces at Fort Sumter
Impact on War
Started the war, Lincoln called for 75,000
troops, upper south secedes.
Bull Run/Manassas
Union Forces attacked
Confed. troops. Union
forces were routed and
forced to retreat in panic
Lincoln realized he needed more troops
and called for 500,000 men. North and
South both use conscription to get the
numbers they needed/wanted.
Antietam
The South attacked the
Northern soil in hopes of
getting independence and
help from the British. 6,000
men die and Lee retreated
Taking Vicksburg would cut
confederate into two
Grant marches fighting
battles and drive confed.
back into Vicksburg
Grant siege and south
surrender
South invades north
Lee retreats
Lots of men die
Victory allowed Lincoln to issue
Emancipation Proclamation
The British stay out of war
Sherman wanted to end the
war. Destroys civil goods
that have military value
(food, railroads, mills) total
war
He faces very little military
resistance
The South had the city well
fortified. Grant decides to
put the city under siege
Lee and his army try to
escape, but they can not
break though
General Lee Surrenders to
General Grant
Takes away the will of the South to fight
in the war
Vicksburg (Grant)
Gettysburg
Atlanta (Sherman’s
March to the Sea)
Siege at Petersburg
Appomattox Court House
Cut south in two made it harder to fight
the war. South lost a lot on men and
resources.
28,000 confed. casualties Lee can’t
replace. Rest of war on defense
Lee’s army is surrounded and out
numbered. The only thing he can do is
surrender
North Wins the war.
Five days later President Lincoln is
assassinated
States' Rights
THE RALLYING CRY OF SECESSION
The appeal to states' rights is of the most potent symbols of the American Civil
War, but confusion abounds as to the historical and present meaning of this
federalist principle.
South Carolinians crowd into the streets of Charleston in 1860 to hear speeches
promoting secession.
The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen
colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe
by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring
quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American
Revolution, the founding fathers were forced to compromise with the states to
ensure ratification of the Constitution and the establishment of a united country.
In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it;
and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.
The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the
Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the
divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming
as the nation expanded westward.
The Missouri Compromise in 1820 tried to solve the problem but succeeded only
temporarily. (It established lands west of the Mississippi and below latitude
36º30' as slave and north of the line—except Missouri—as free.) Abolitionist
groups sprang up in the North, making Southerners feel that their way of life was
under attack. A violent slave revolt in 1831 in Virginia, Nat Turner’s Rebellion,
forced the South to close ranks against criticism out of fear for their lives. They
began to argue that slavery was not only necessary, but in fact, it was a positive
good.
As the North and the South became more and more different, their goals and
desires also separated. Arguments over national policy grew even fiercer. The
North’s economic progress as the Southern economy began to stall fueled the fires
of resentment. By the 1840s and 1850s, North and South had each evolved
extreme positions that had as much to do with serving their own political
interests as with the morality of slavery.
As long as there were an equal number of slave-holding states in the South as nonslave-holding states in the North, the two regions had even representation in the
Senate and neither could dictate to the other. However, each new territory that
applied for statehood threatened to upset this balance of power. Southerners
consistently argued for states rights and a weak federal government but it was not
until the 1850s that they raised the issue of secession. Southerners argued that,
having ratified the Constitution and having agreed to join the new nation in the
late 1780s, they retained the power to cancel the agreement and they threatened
to do just that unless, as South Carolinian John C. Calhoun put it, the Senate passed
a constitutional amendment to give back to the South “the power she possessed of
protecting herself before the equilibrium of the two sections was destroyed.”
Controversial—but peaceful—attempts at a solution included legal compromises,
arguments, and debates such as the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, Senator Lewis Cass’
idea of popular sovereignty in the late 1840s, the Compromise of 1850, the
Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and the Lincoln-Douglas Debates in 1858. However
well-meaning, Southerners felt that the laws favored the Northern economy and
were designed to slowly stifle the South out of existence. The Fugitive Slave Law
of 1850 was one of the only pieces of legislation clearly in favor of the South. It
meant that Northerners in free states were obligated, regardless of their feelings
towards slavery, to turn escaped slaves who had made it North back over to their
Southern masters. Northerners strongly resented the law and it was one of the
inspirations for the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in
1852.
Non-violent attempts at resolution culminated in violence in 1859 when Northern
abolitionist John Brown abandoned discussion and took direct action in a raid on
the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Though unsuccessful, the raid confirmed
Southern fears of a Northern conspiracy to end slavery. When anti-slavery
Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election in 1860, Southerners
were sure that the North meant to take away their right to govern themselves,
abolish slavery, and destroy the Southern economy. Having exhausted their legal
and political options, they felt that the only way to protect themselves from this
Northern assault was to no longer be a part of the United States of America.
Although the Southern states seceded separately, without intending to form a new
nation, they soon banded together in a loose coalition. Northerners, however, led
by Abraham Lincoln, viewed secession as an illegal act. The Confederate States of
America was not a new country, they felt, but a group of treasonous rebels.
1790
Population growth by decade
South Carolina
New York
Electoral
votes
Population
8
249,073 12
340,120
Wisconsin
Ohio
Virginia
21
691,737
45,365
21
807,557
7
230,760
25
877,683
1800
8
345,591
12
589,051
1810
11
415,115
29
959,049
1820
11
502,741
36
1,372,851
1,444
16
581,434
24
938,261
1830
11
581,185
42
1,918,608
3,635
21
937,903
23
1,044,054
1840
9
594,398
36
2,428,921
30,945
23
1,519,467
17
1,025,227
1850
8
668,507
35
3,097,394
5
305,391
23
1,980,329
15
1,119,348
1860
8
703,708
35
3,880,735
5
775,881
23
2,339,511
15
1,219,630
1. In 1790 what state had the largest population and the most electoral votes?
A. South Carolina
C. Ohio
B. New York
D. Virginia
2. In 1860 What state has the largest population and the most electoral votes?
C. Ohio
A. South Carolina
B. New York
D. Virginia
3. What state lost the most electoral votes between
1790 and 1860?
A. South Carolina
C. Ohio
B. New York
D. Virginia
4. What state gained the most electoral votes
between 1790 and 1860?
A. South Carolina
C. Ohio
B. New York
D. Virginia
6.Which of the following statements
best explains the two graphs?
A. In the 70 years before the Civil
War the North and West
experience a population
explosion, while the South did
not. This resulted in the South
losing power in the government.
B. In the 70 years before the Civil
War the North and West
experience a population
explosion, while the South did
not. This resulted in the South
gaining power in the
government.
C. In the 70 years before the Civil
War the North and West
experience a population
explosion, while the South
experienced a population loss.
This resulted in the South losing
power in the government.
D. In the 70 years before the Civil
War the North and West
experience a population
explosion, while the South
experienced a population loss.
7. Describe what trends you see when you analyze the two graphs.
Based on the data provided create a bar graph
Electoral votes
North
South
1796
70
68
1820
129
106
1846
169
121
1860
183
120
Based on the data provided create a bar graph
1774
1800
1840
Per Capita Income (total income for region/population)
New England
Middle
South
57.41
56.26
129.28
76.11
67.67
120.19
107.77
71.4
84.84
Electoral Votes
1. Between what two years did the South lose electoral votes?
a. 1796 and 1820
c. 1846 and 1860
b. 1820 and 1846
d. 1860 and 1884
2. Between what two years did the North gain the most electoral votes?
a. 1796 and 1820
c. 1846 and 1860
b. 1820 and 1846
d. 1860 and 1884
3. Which of the following best explains the data in the graph?
a. The South always had
electoral college grew
more electoral votes
the most between
than the North
1796 and 1820
b. The North did not
d. The South’s
have more electoral
disadvantage in the
votes than the South
electoral college grew
until 1846
steadily over time
c. The North’s
advantage in the
Describe what trends you see when you analyze the graph.
Per Capita Income
1. What area had the highest income in 1774?
a. New England
c. South
b. Middle
d. West
2. What area had the highest income in 1840?
a. New England
c. South
b. Middle
d. West
3. Which of the following best explains the data in the graph?
a. The South’s income
c. The South’s income
decreased while New
grew, but a slower
England’s almost
rate than the rest
doubled.
d. New England was the
b. The Middle States
only region to
income was stagnate
experience growth
while the South’s
grew steadily
Describe what trends you see when you analyze the graph.
1790
1820
1840
1860
Number of Slaves Pounds of Cotton
1,600,000
697,624
1,538,000
160,000,000
2,487,355
400,000,000
3,953,760
1,650,000,000
1. How many pounds of cotton were produced in 1860?
C
400,000,000
A
1,600,000
B
160,000,000
D
1,650,000,000
2. Between what two years does the biggest increase in cotton production
occur?
C
A
1790-1820
1840-1860
B
D
1820-1840
1860-1880
3. What is the slave population in 1860?
697,624
A
B
1,538,000
C
D
2,487,355
3,953,760
4. Which of the following statements best explains the two graphs?
a. The number of slaves
c. The number of slaves
and pounds of cotton
grew at a faster rate
both grew at a
when compared to
consistent rate.
pounds of cotton.
b. The number of slaves
d. The pounds of cotton
and pounds of cotton
grew at a faster rate
both grew at an equal
when compared to
rate.
number of slaves.
5. Which of the following statements best fits the data in the two graphs?
a. Between 1820 and
c. Between 1840 and
1840 the South
1860 the South
became more efficient
became more efficient
at growing cotton.
at growing cotton
b. In 1790 the South
d. The invention of the
became more
cotton gin in 1845
depended on slavery
made cotton
to grow cotton
production less
dependent on slavery
6. Describe what trends you see when you analyze the two graphs
together.
Using the data create a line graph showing the relationship between slave population and order of
secession
Percent of population that were enslaved
Alabama
45 Georgia
44 North Carolina
Arkansas
Florida
26 Louisiana
44 Mississippi
47 South Carolina
55 Tennessee
33 Texas
Virgini
57 a
25
30
32
1. What state had the highest percentage of slaves?
a. Alabama
c. South Carolina
b. Mississippi
d. Texas
2. What state was the first to leave the union?
a. Alabama
c. South Carolina
b. Mississippi
d. Texas
3. What state was the last to leave the Union?
a. Texas
b. South Carolina
c. Tennessee
d. North Carolina
4. What state had the lowest percentage of slaves?
a. Texas
c. Tennessee
b. South Carolina
d. North Carolina
5. Which of the following best explains the data in the graph?
a. States with higher a
to wait to secede from
percentage of slaves
the Union
seceded from the
c. States with a higher
union after Fort
percentage of slaves
Sumter
were wealthier
b. The lower the
d. The lower the
percentage of the
percentage of slaves a
slaves a state had the
state had the sooner
more like a they were
they seceded form the
Union.
6. Based on the graph which of the statements best explains why some
states seceded earlier.
a. A states proximity to
c. A states reliance to
the North had a big
slave labor had a big
impact on when they
impact on when they
seceded.
seceded
b. A states economic
d. There was not one
relationship to the
single issue that
North had a big
caused a state to
impact on when they
secede earlier.
seceded
7. Describe what trends you see when you analyze the graph.
1. Abraham Lincoln’s reason for coming to the Gettysburg battlefield was to
A. declare an end to the Civil War.
C. campaign for re-election.
B. dedicate a national memorial to the
D. tell the listeners about the history
fallen soldiers.
of the United States
.
2. What was the unfinished task President Lincoln presented to the American people
in the Gettysburg Address?
A. to win the war.
C. to establish the principles of the
B. to abolish slavery.
Declaration of Independence as the
goal of the
United States.
D. to punish the South.
3. Which of the following principles did Mr. Lincoln not address directly in the
Gettysburg
Address?
A. liberty
C. the pursuit of happiness
B. equality
D. unity
4. With which of the following statements would President Lincoln be most likely to
disagree?
A. The rebellion of the Southern
C. At the core of the Declaration of
states was an effort to overthrow the
Independence are the principles of
principle
human
that all men were created equal.
equality and government by consent.
B. The causes of emancipation and
D. Defending the American Union is
preserving the Union are independent
the highest tribute the living in
of each
attendance at
other.
Gettysburg could pay to the dead.
5. In the Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln said that Union soldiers had sacrificed their lives to ensure that “government of the people, by the people, for the
people shall not perish from the earth.” What type of government was Lincoln
referring to?
A. democracy
C. oligarchy
B. aristocracy
D. monarchy
6. Lincoln motivated his audience to continue the war by
A. emphasizing the differences
between North and South.
B. encouraging the American people
to be angry enough to crush the
enemy.
C. telling the American people why
the Southern states were wrong.
D. offering the American people pride,
purpose, and hope.
President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania; November 19, 1863
Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new
nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation—or any nation,
so conceived and so dedicated—can long endure.
We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of
it as the final resting-place of those who have given their lives that that nation might
live.
It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we
cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground.
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above
our power to add or to detract.
The world will little note nor long remember what we say here; but it can never
forget what they did here.
It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated, here, to the unfinished work that they
have thus far so nobly carried on.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that
from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
here gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these
dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall, under God, have a new birth
of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth.
What war had the most deaths?
A. the Civil War
B. World War II
C. World War I
D. Vietnam
What factor(s) contributed to the high number of deaths is the Civil War?
A. Every one who died in the war was counted as an American.
B. The Civil War was the longest war
C. New weapons, like tanks and air plains, increased the death total
D. A lack of training for soldiers
E. All of the above
What Confederate victory had the most casualties in the Civil War?
A. Gettysburg
B. Chickamauga
C. Antietam
D. Chancellorsville
Who had more deaths in the Civil War, the North or South? Why
Explain the following statement:
If the Civil War was fought today the, equivalent number of US deaths would be
6,000,000.
What is the Bloodiest day in American History?
A. The battle of Antietam
B. B September 11, 2001
C. D-day
D. Pearl Harbor
Which Union general fought in the most battles?
A. Grant
B. Lee
C. McClellan
D. Jackson