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#4 Civil Rights and Vietnam Kennedy wins Presidency – 1960 Inaugural Address: “Ask not what your country can do for you, but ask what you can do for your country.” Military Policy – “Flexible Response” – increase defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces. Created “Special Forces” – Green Berets. Kennedy wanted to reduce the threat of nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Bay of Pigs – Cuba – Fidel Castro’s communist revolution servers ties with America in the 1950s. March 1960 - Cuban and Soviet forces overwhelm US troops at a failed invasion. Cuba releases survivors in exchange for $53 million in food and medical supplies. Cuban Missile Crisis – Cuba engages in protective alliance with Soviet Union. Summer of 1962 – Cuba houses nuclear weapons for the Soviet Union. Kennedy ensures American protect, saying that a missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out American response. Soviets remove missiles after USA pledges not to invade Cuba. New Frontier – Kennedy’s Camelot Deficit Spending to increase economic protection Peace Corps – program of volunteer assistance in developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America Alliance for Progress – economic and technical assistance to Latin American Countries NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration – 1969 US lands men on the moon. Kennedy’s Death- Dallas, TX Lee Harvey Oswald shot JFK in the head while riding in an top-down car through the city of Dallas LYNDON B. JOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETY LBJ – wanted to change America into a “Great Society” by focusing on ending poverty and racial injustice Medicare – health insurance for retirees Medicaid – health insurance for those on welfare Immigration Act of 1965 – ended quotas based on nationality Environmental Measures – Water Quality Act of 1965 – requires states to clean up rivers. Warren Court – Liberal court focusing on social issues Mapp V. Ohio – Evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court Miranda V. Arizona – Miranda Rights Gideon V. Wainwright – Right to court appointed attorney Impact of Great Society – Extends power of Federal Government; War on Poverty cuts unemployment by 10%; Fear of Communism still present – communist forces begin to invade Vietnam CIVIL RIGHTS Challenging Segregation in the Court – NAACP develops strategy under the direction of Thurgood Marshall. Brown V. Topeka Board of Education – segregation in Public facilities is ILLEGAL Little Rock 9 – African American students who had volunteered to integrate Little Rock Central High School – Eisenhower sends in National Guard to ensure student safety Montgomery Bus Boycott – Rosa Parks, NAACP officer, refuses to give up her seat for a white man – is arrested. Montgomery Improvement Association – elects 26 year-old leader Martin Luther as their leader – PEACEFUL PROTEST Bus Boycott will continue for a year. MLK’s “Soul Force” – “we will wear you down by our capacity to suffer. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). – nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class society Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – University group Freedom Riders – Civil Rights activists who ride busses through the South to challenge segregation. James Meredith – first African American to integrate University of Mississippi Letter From Birmingham Jail – MLK arrested during peaceful protest. Write letter describe the injustice faced. March on Washington – 250,000 people march to Lincoln Memorial where MLK addressed the crowd with “I Have a Dream” speech. Civil Rights Act of 1964 – prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity, and gender. Selma - Voting Rights Campaign where a peaceful protest march 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery Civil Rights Act of 1965 – eliminated literacy tests and allowed federal examiners to enroll voters who were denied. Malcom X – Black superiority over whites – advocated for armed self-defense. Black Power – call for black people to define their own goals Black panthers fought police brutality while advocating for equal opportunities for African Americans in California Civil Rights Act of 1968 – ended discrimination in housing; helped equalize education, job opportunities, and promoted affirmative action. Vietnam Eisenhower’s Domino Theory – of one nation falls to communism, nearby nations will also fall. Geneva Accords divides Vietnam into Communist North, and Nationalist South. Eisenhower promises military aid and training to Nationalist leader Diem in return for a stable government in South Vietnam. Diem, however, ushered in a corrupt government. 1957 – Vietcong (Communist opposition group in South Vietnam), attacks the government – Ho Chi Minh supports the group. August 2, 1964 – USS Maddox shoots down North Vietnamese patrol boat in the Gulf of Tonkin Tonkin Gulf Resolution – “all necessary measures to prevent further aggression – BROAD MILITARY POWER March 1965 – Johnson along with Secretary of Defense and Secretary of State Dispatch ground troops into Vietnam Vietcong Tactics – Guerilla Warfare, Civilian Camouflage, Jungle Terrain. American Tactics – Destroy morale, win support of South Vietnamese, Search and Destroy Missions Gas – Agent Orange, Napalm. The War at home - “Living-Room War” – combat footage appeared nightly on the news in millions of homes Federal government was saying the war was about to end, images on TV showed another side – Credibility Gap The Draft Returns – 80% of those drafted were from lower class background and 20% were African American. Free Speech Movement – clash between administrators and you embracing the “New Left” Tet Offensive – Vietcong attack over 100 towns including the US Embassy in Saigon – CHANGES AMERICAN VIEWS OF WAR. Nixon wins 1968 Presidential Election Vietnamization – gradual withdrawal of troops to take a more active combat role University Protests against war – Kent State U – 4 student die when National Guard opens fire on a protest. Pentagon Papers – confirmed that the gov. had not been honest about Vietnam intentions Legacy – war diminished the public optimism and faith in gov. War Powers Act – president must inform congress within 48 hours of sending troops to a hostile area without declaration of war.