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Period 7.3 Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world. USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the United States and the nation’s subsequent role in the world. Churchill Hitler FDR 1939-1945 Stalin Tojo Mussolini World War II Landing Craft Video Quiz – World War II USHC-7.1: Analyze the decision of the United States to enter World War II, including the nation’s movement from a policy of isolationism to international involvement and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Focus: Rise of Totalitarianism and US shift from Neutrality 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Key Terms: Define each… Munich Pact Pearl Harbor Invasion of Manchuria Blitzkrieg Totalitarian Neutrality Acts Lend-Lease; Destroyers for Bases; Cash-and-Carry • Italy’s Mussolini, Germany’s Hitler and Japan’s Tojo threatened world peace • The U.S. passed a series of Neutrality Acts designed to prevent war, because it was still battling the Depression And due to disillusionment from “the Great War” (WW1) • Neutrality Acts: prohibited the sale of arms or lending of money to countries involved in any military action Reestablished isolationism and restricted the ability of FDR to respond to Nazi Germany and Japan Cause of World War 2 • Japan invaded Manchuria for economic domination U.S. response hampered by isolationism, and limited to trade restrictions, which Japan viewed as a threat • When Hitler broke the Munich Pact (promise to stop expanding) by invading Czechoslovakia, the European policy of appeasement ended Germany then invaded Poland…this led to WW2 (1939) • French and British forces fell back against Nazi blitzkrieg and the British came under devastating air attack Video: Ep 2..Hitler Unleashes Blitzkrieg U.S. helped without entering WW 2 • FDR wanted to change from isolationism to involvement This led to the policies of “Cash and Carry,” “destroyersfor-bases” and “Lend Lease” • U.S. changed from a peacetime to a wartime economy early, to supply the Allies and prepare for war • FDR showed commitment to Europe by signing the Atlantic Charter (statement of U.S. and British war aims) • Prior to entering war, the U.S. was protecting shipments of Lend Lease goods and lost ships to German attacks Pearl Harbor (Dec 7, 1941) • By 1941, U.S. was in undeclared naval war with Germany • Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (Dec 7, 1941) forced the U.S. to abandon Isolationism War against Japan led Germany to declare war on U.S. • The U.S. was at war with Germany, Japan and Italy Video: Pearl Harbor “Now it Can Be Shown” Review Questions 1. What countries opposed the Allies in WW2 and who were their leaders? a. Italy’s Mussolini, Germany’s Hitler and Japan’s Tojo 2. What was the United States’ initial position to the war in Europe? a. Passed Neutrality Acts forbidding U.S. from helping allies 3. What did the Neutrality Acts say about America’s international policies? a. Reestablished the policy of isolationism 4. What pre-war actions by Japan and Germany demonstrated their plans? a. Japan invaded Manchuria & Germany broke Munich Pact 5. What officially led to World War II in Europe? a. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 6. Name 3 policies used by FDR to aid the allies prior to entering the war? a. “Cash and Carry,” the Destroyers-for-Bases deal and Lend Lease 7. How did FDR show his commitment to supporting the Allies? a. By signing the Atlantic Charter 8. How were U.S. Navy ships in danger before the U.S. entered WW2? a. Protecting the delivery of Lend Lease ships and equipment 9. What forced the U.S. to officially abandon its policy of isolationism? a. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Naval Base; Dec 7, 1941 Note Taking Study Guide Pages 187 and 189 USHC-7.2: Evaluate the impact of war mobilization on the home front, including consumer sacrifices, the role of women and minorities in the workforce, and limits on individual rights that resulted in the internment of Japanese Americans. Focus: Impact of mobilization on the home front. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Key Terms: Define each… Wartime Defense Industries Rationing “Rosie the Riveter” Propaganda Japanese Internment Non-Traditional Roles for Minorities Impact of War on Democracy and Capitalism • WW II required Mobilizing the: economy, government, and the home front • Industries converted to war production even before Pearl Harbor to supply the Allies through Lend Lease • The government controlled allocation of scarce resources to businesses, and controlled wages and prices • To finance the war, they used advertising to get citizens to buy war bonds • Rationing (giving a little at a time) of scarce resources using Ration Coupon Books • Women & minorities were urged to work in war industries • Women served in some support positions in the military Video: Women at Work WW2 • Women took traditionally male jobs • “Rosie the Riveter” became an icon of the period • Black Union leader [A. Philip Randolph] threatened a March on Washington for equal access to war-time jobs FDR established a commission to ensure equal access • Bracero Program: Mexican workers let in to take the place of farm workers who had enlisted or been drafted Racial Tensions during WW2 • Despite the war effort, racial tensions threatened liberties Black soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination as they trained in the South Northern blacks experienced Jim Crow while training in the South, influencing the future civil rights movement Young Mexican Americans were attacked in Los Angeles because their clothing was considered un-American (Zoot Suit Riots of 1943) Tuskegee Airman of WW 2 • Tuskegee Airman: First black servicemen to serve as military pilots Flew with distinction during World War II. o Subject to racial discrimination at home and abroad 15,500 combat sorties & 150 Distinguished Flying Cross Paved the way for integration of the armed forces under President Harry Truman in 1948 with E.O. 9981 Video: Red Tails Japanese Internment • After Pearl Harbor, the west urged FDR to take action against Japanese residents and citizens in the U.S. President Truman issued Executive Order 9066 • Japanese were ordered to report to Internment Camps • The Supreme Court upheld the establishment of internment camps by the U.S. government VIDEO: The Untold Story of Japanese Internment Review Questions 1. How did the government take control of the economy during WW2? a. Allocation of scarce resources, and controlled wages and prices 2. How did the United States Finance our involvement in WW2? a. Sold War Bonds 3. How did the government control allocation of scare resources? a. Ration books and stamps 4. How did the war affect woman and minorities? a. Women and minorities were urged to work in wartime industries. Women also served in some support positions in the military. 5. What helped blacks get fair treatment in gaining wartime jobs? a. Black union leader A. Philip Randolph threatened a march on Washington, so FDR established commission to ensure fairness 6. What racial discrimination still occurred during WW2? a. Served in segregated units, and endured Jim Crow in the South 7. How did the attack on Pearl Harbor affect Japanese in America? a. Many Japanese were moved to Internment Camps Note Taking Study Guide Pages 193 and 195 USHC-7.3: Explain how controversies among the Big Three Allied leaders over war strategies led to post-war conflict between the United States and the USSR, including delays in the opening of the second front in Europe, the participation of the Soviet Union in the war in the Pacific, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Focus: Alliances led to post-war conflict. Key Terms: Define each… 1. Big Three 2. Two-Front Warfare 3. Stalingrad 4. D-day 5. Island Hopping 6. Battle of the Bulge 7. Iwo Jima and Okinawa 8. Hiroshima & Nagasaki 9. Yalta Conference What led U.S. & USSR to the Cold War • Decisions during WW II later caused the Cold War • Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler When Hitler invaded USSR, the Soviets became recipients of Lend Lease and allies in the war • U.S. & USSR allied only because both hated Germany Tensions based on economic and political systems • At the end of WW1, U.S. had landed troops in Russia Supported forces opposing the Russian Revolution • Fear of communism was reflected in the Red Scare The “Big Three” • “Big Three” allied leaders met throughout the war to plan: Winston Churchill of Great Britain Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) of the United States Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union Video: WWII - 1945, Yalta Big Three Conference Competing Interests • USSR wanted Allies to open a second ground front to attack Germany, to provide relief to the Soviet Army • British wanted U.S. bombers to take out the German Air Force that was destroying Britain [Battle of Britain] • Delay in opening a second front was partly based on the decision to produce bombers rather than landing crafts Review Questions (Part 1) 1. Why were the U.S. and Soviets allies during WW2? a. Only because they were both against Germany 2. What are U.S. & USSR tensions based on? a. Differences in their economic and political systems 3. What made the U.S. distrust the Soviet Union prior to entering WW2? a. Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler 4. Name the leaders of the Allied nations, known as the Big Three? a. Winston Churchill (Great Britain), Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union), and FDR (U.S.) 5. How Soviets and British differed in what they wanted the U.S. to do? a. Soviets wanted a second ground front to attack Germany b. British wanted U.S. bombers to take out the German air force • Invasion of N. Africa happened to free the Mediterranean Sea from Germany and protect Middle East oil fields Took pressure off the USSR; but it was the Soviet’s resistance at Stalingrad that won the eastern front • U.S. and British landings in Italy opened another front in Europe but again delayed a direct attack on Germany • Italy surrendered, but Germany continued the bitter fight on the Italian peninsula and tied down Allied forces there D-Day (Operation Overlord) D-Day: Invasion of Normandy, France [Operation Overlord] Finally provided the long-awaited western front Video: America the S.O.U. D-Day Invasion • Germany was now engaged on three fronts and had to divert military resources to the western front The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive and the beginning of the end for the Nazis • American, British and French forces marched towards Berlin from the West as the Soviets moved from the East The direction each approached from laid the foundation for the post-war division of Berlin and Germany…and Cold War tensions over Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe st 761 Tank Battalion In Pacific theater, U.S. used a strategy of Island Hopping Goal was to: get close enough to Japan to launch air attacks to prepare for invasion of Japan’s home islands • Naval victory at Midway stopped the Japanese advance • Battles for Iwo Jima and Okinawa showed tenacity of the Japanese and cost in lives any invasion of Japan would be So U.S. wanted the Soviet Union to help invade Japan and gained agreement at a Big 3 conference in Yalta Invasion never happened…decided to use Atomic Bomb Video: Dramatic Aerial Fight…Over Okinawa The Atomic Bomb President Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was made to: Avoid fighting in Japan to save U.S. lives • After the war in Europe, the USSR marched into Korea This laid the foundation for the Korean War (1950-53) • The Atomic Bomb increased distrust from USSR because the technology was not shared during or after the war The Atomic bomb started an arms race with the USSR Video: Nuclear Bomb Note Taking Study Guide Page 197 Review Questions (Part 2) 1. Why did the invasion of North Africa happen? a. Free the Mediterranean Sea from Germany / protect Middle East oil 2. What action finally provided the long-awaited western front? a. The invasion of Normandy on D-Day 3. What was the last German offensive? a. The Battle of the Bulge 4. What laid the foundation for post-war division of Berlin and Germany? a. The approach the different allied nations took to defeat Germany? 5. In Pacific theater, U.S. pursued a strategy of ________- ________? a. Island-Hopping 6. What was the goal of the U.S. in the Pacific theater? a. To get close to Japan to launch air attacks to prepare for an invasion 7. What stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific? a. U.S. Naval victory at the Battle of Midway 8. What did the U.S. learn from the Battles for Iwo Jima and Okinawa? a. The cost invasion of Japan’s islands would entail 9. When did the U.S. gain Soviet agreement to help invade Japan? a. During a Big Three conference at Malta 10.Why did President Truman decide to drop Atomic Bombs on Japan? a. To avoid the large amount of deaths expected if they invaded Japan 11.How did the end of the war set the stage for another war? a. Soviets occupied northern Korea; set the stage for the Korean War 12.How did the Atomic Bomb cause future problems with Soviet Union? a. Caused distrust and started an arms race with the USSR USHC-7.4: Summarize the economic, humanitarian, and diplomatic effects of World War II, including the end of the Great Depression, the Holocaust, the war crimes trials, and the creation of Israel. Focus: The lasting effects of WWII. Key Terms: Define each… 1. Nuremberg Laws 2. Nuremberg Trials 3. Genocide 4. Anti-Semitism 5. Kristallnacht 6. Holocaust 7. Israel 8. Economic Impact of WWII on America The Holocaust (A.K.A. Hitler’s “Final Solution”) • WW II had a devastating impact on European Jews • Part of the Nazi propaganda machine and was based on both Social Darwinism and longstanding prejudice • The Holocaust: Anti-Semitism became policy with the Nuremberg Laws restricting rights of Jews, ending with the Holocaust: Hitler’s effort to rid Europe of its entire Jewish population Killed 6 million Jews and 5.5 million others Hitler’s plan was called the “Final Solution” Video: The Holocaust The Holocaust (A.K.A. Hitler’s “Final Solution”) • Before the end of the war, the response of the Allies to German anti-Semitic policies was severely limited • Although attacks on Jews such as Kristallnacht were widely reported, little action was taken to stop the Nazis Kristallnacht: “The Night of the Broken Glass.” 200 synagogues destroyed, 8,000 Jewish shops sacked, thousands of Jews moved to concentration camps • Immigration laws were not eased to grant asylum to Jews • Once the war began, no military action was taken to interrupt the shipment of people to the death camps Nuremberg War Crimes Trials • As the war ended, the death camps of the Final Solution horrified the soldiers who liberated the camps • The Allies responded to the war crimes by Hitler and the Nazis by identifying war criminals and putting them on trial Hitler committed suicide Some Nazi officers and civilians charged with “crimes against humanity” at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials • The Nuremberg trials established the precedent for future trials on war crimes. It has not ended genocide Video: World War 2 and The Holocaust Creation of Israel Result of the impact of German war crimes on the conscience of the world and of the United States: The establishment of the state of Israel after the war, The prompt recognition by the United States of Israel, and The U.S. continued support for Israel in the Middle East Review Questions 1. What was the main economic impact of the war for the U.S.? a. Ended the depression 2. Who was impacted the most by the war and why? a. Jews, due to the Holocaust 3. What was Nazi hatred of the Jews based on? a. Social Darwinism and long-standing Prejudice 4. How did the Nuremberg Laws affect Germany? a. Anti-Semitism became policy, restricting the rights of Jews 5. What was Hitler’s ultimate goal called and how many died because of it? a. Final Solution: rid Europe of Jews, 6 million Jews & 5.5 million others 6. How did the Allied nations respond to the holocaust during the war? a. Did nothing to stop it, and failed to ease immigration laws for Jews 7. How did the allies respond to the holocaust after the war? a. Put war criminals on trial for crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials 8. What positive event happened for Jews because of the Holocaust? a. Established the state of Israel; prompt recognition by the United States of Israel; and the United States’ continued support for Israel Note Taking Study Guide Page 200 Period 8 (1945-1980) Key Concept 8.1: The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable post-war world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences. USHC-7.5: Analyze the impact of the Cold War on national security and individual freedom, including the containment policy and the role of military alliances, the effects of the “Red Scare” and McCarthyism, the conflicts in Korea and the Middle East, the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, the Cuban missile crisis, and the nuclear arms race Focus: Impact of the Cold War on national security and individual freedom. Key Terms: Define each… 1. Cold War Alliances 2. McCarthyism 3. Korean War 4. Iron Curtain 5. Arms Race 6. Cuban Missile Crisis 7. Berlin Wall 8. Truman Doctrine 9. Middle East • WW II was fought to stop Nazi aggression and preserve democracy in Europe; but… It also made allies of democratic capitalist U.S. and totalitarian communist USSR • Conflicting ideologies, wartime priorities and the course of the fighting caused post-war tensions • Postwar goals also put the U.S. and the USSR at odds USSR wanted a buffer zone of friendly states on its eastern border so Germany could not invade again U.S. wanted free and fair elections throughout Europe Containing Communism • U.S. supported allies to continue influence in other regions When Britain was unable to stop Greece from falling to a communist-leaning rebel force; the U.S. helped French tried to restore control of Southeast Asia and met resistance and sought U.S. help • U.S. became involved worldwide containing the communist threat as a result of wartime and postwar circumstances • By 1946 tensions were made public when Winston Churchill said an ‘Iron Curtain’ had descended upon Europe, cutting off Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe from the West Containing Communism (continued) • President Truman began a policy of containment The Truman Doctrine (1947): President Truman’s pledge (promise) to contain communism in Europe o First applied with financial aid to Greece and Turkey o Designed to aid those trying to resist communism • Fearing that a weak Western Europe would elect socialist /communists, U.S. offered aid in the form of… The Marshall Plan to promote economic rebuilding and prevent a European fall to communism The Berlin Airlift • Berlin, divided at the end of WWII, became the first Soviet test of the U.S. policy when the Soviets blockaded Berlin Berlin Wall • Berlin became a Cold War symbol when the USSR erected the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin and keep people from escaping to freedom in the west • The U.S. won this first confrontation with the Berlin Airlift Video: Berlin Airlift and Formation of NATO Berlin Wall and West Berlin Video: The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall • In 1949, a series of events increased Cold War fears: 1. U.S. formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)…a military alliance aimed at the USSR a)USSR later formed the Warsaw Pact in response 2. Test of an atomic bomb by USSR accelerated development of the hydrogen bomb by U.S., and began a nuclear arms race • Also in 1949, after a civil war, (China under Americanbacked nationalist [Chiang Kai-shek]), fell to communist forces led by Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Korean War (1950 to 1953) • In 1950, communist North Korea invaded South Korea • Believing the invasion was caused by USSR, President Truman urged the United Nations (U.N.) to take action • U.N. voted to demand cease fire and support ‘police action’ • Majority of troops and financial support came from the U.S. 1950 to 1953 Korean War (1950 to 1953) • When U.S. neared the Chinese border, Communist China attacked and drove U.S. forces back to the 38th parallel • American casualties turned public opinion against the war • Negotiations ended with North Korean forces contained above the 38th parallel Example of successful containment, but at a high cost • USSR started the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of Eastern European nations for defense against NATO Review Questions (Part 1) 1. How did the post-war goals of the U.S. and USSR differ? a. USSR wanted a buffer zone, U.S. wanted free and fair elections 2. What did Winston Churchill say about the Soviet Union after the war? a. That an Iron Curtain had descended upon Europe 3. What was the Truman Doctrine? a. Pledge to contain communism in Europe 4. Why did the U.S. offer aid to Western European countries after WW2? a. Feared a weak Western Europe would elect socialist /communists 5. What was the first test of containment in Europe and how was it settled? a. When USSR divided Germany and blockaded Berlin…Berlin Airlift 6. In 1949, a series of events increased Cold War fears, name a few. a. NATO, USSR gets A-bomb, China taken over by communist forces 7. What started the Korean War, was it a WAR, and how did it end? a. Communist invade south…UN Police Action…stalemate at 38th Parallel 8. What is the Soviet Unions version of NATO? a. Warsaw Pact Note Taking Study Guide Page 205 and 207 Space Race • Space race took off when USSR launched Sputnik [1957] First man-made satellite to be placed in orbit • In response, Congress passed the National Defense Education Act to promote Science and Math And to counteract the fear that consumerism made U.S. less competitive to win the arms race • Arms Race fears reflected in building bomb shelters • U.S. took the space race lead when Neil Armstrong landed on the moon Fear of Communism • Threats set the stage for a Red Scare in the 1940s & 50s • Truman’s Tough talk caused the public to see the U.S. and USSR as good against evil • The fall of China, Soviet acquisition of the bomb and the Korean War made Americans look for an enemy within • Cold War propaganda & anti-Soviet media added to fear McCarthyism • Partisan politics caused Republicans to accuse Democrats of being “soft on communism” Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy gave his name to the crusade, McCarthyism • McCarthy used the Big Lie: repeating an accusation of communism loud & often to smear people • McCarthy’s attack ended when televised hearings showed him as a bully…so the public rejected him • Some spies did aid the Soviets; but, many public servants had their reputations smeared by false accusations Quick Review 1. What started the Space Race and how did the U.S. take the lead? A. Sputnik…Moon Landing 2. What were negative consequences of the Space Race? A. Arms Race 3. What three international events made Americans look for an enemy within? A. Fall of China, Soviets get Atomic Bomb, Korean War 4. What was McCarthyism and what technique did he use? A. Witch Hunt for Communist…the Big Lie Bay of Pigs • Fidel Castro overthrew the U.S.-backed dictator of Cuba Took U.S. property and developed friendship with USSR Made Cuba a battleground for the Cold War • Bay of Pigs: Cuban exiles trained by the CIA invaded Cuba hoping to initiate a popular uprising against Castro Plan failed, U.S. prestige suffered President Kennedy wanted to prove Cold War credentials in Berlin, Vietnam and Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis • Spy planes photographed nuclear missile sites in Cuba • President Kennedy placed a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent the Soviets from arming these sites After 13 days an agreement was reached Soviet (Nikita Khruschev) agreed to remove the missiles • Cuban Missile Crisis: closest the U.S. and Soviet Union came to armed conflict during the Cold War • To avoid nuclear war, a hot line was installed in the White House and the Kremlin (USSR White House) Also, they both signed a nuclear test ban treaty Quick Review 1. What was the Bay of Pigs? A. Invasion of Cuba by Cuban Exiles 2. Explain the Cuban Missile Crises? A. Soviets placed nuclear missile sites on Cuba, Kennedy negotiated removal Examples of U.S. Diplomacy • Cold War, American interests in oil, and support for Israel, led to efforts in the Middle East and conflict in the region • U.S. supports Israel in defense against Arab neighbors • USSR increased influence on Arab nations against Israel • President Eisenhower intervened in Suez Crisis (Israeli forces entered Egypt when Egypt nationalized the canal) • Eisenhower Doctrine: extended Truman Doctrine’s containment of Communism, to the Middle East • Importance of Middle East oil led the U.S. to engage in diplomacy to stop the oil embargo by the “Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries” (OPEC) in the 1970s • U.S. tried to aid Middle East peace in Camp David Accords Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) • In the 1950s, the CIA helped the Shah of Iran overthrow a rival who attempted to nationalize foreign oil interests Supported repressive regime to maintain a friendly buffer state on the southern border of the Soviet Union When the Shah was overthrown, anger led to taking of 150 American Embassy hostages for a year • Relations with Iran continue to be strained today Video: The Iran Hostage Crisis End of the Cold War • When the USSR invaded Afghanistan, the Cold War policy of containment led U.S. to support the Afghan resistance • Afghan resistance groups later evolved into the Taliban Taliban later helped al Qaeda…led to war after 9/11 • Cold War ended due to changes in the USSR, the strain of the arms race, the war in Afghanistan on USSR economy, and a movement for liberation in Eastern Europe • The 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall (the most important symbol of the Cold War), marked the end of the Cold War Review Questions (Part 2) 1. Name some consequences of U.S. dependence on Oil in the Middle East? a. Heavy involvement in affairs, Suez Crisis, Israel, Camp David accords 2. What is the Eisenhower Doctrine? a. Extension of efforts to contain communism into the Middle East 3. What is considered the source of America’s strained relationship with Iran? a. CIA helped Shah takeover country, leading to Hostage Crises in 1970s 4. How did the Taliban get started? a. When USSR invaded Afghanistan the U.S. helped arm a resistance force 5. Why did the Cold War finally end, and what was the symbolic ending? a. Changes in the USSR, strain of the arms race, the war in Afghanistan on the Soviet economy, and a movement for liberation in Eastern Europe Note Taking Study Guide Pages 209 and 211 USHC-7.6: Analyze the causes and consequences of social and cultural changes in postwar America, including educational programs, the consumer culture and expanding suburbanization, the advances in medical and agricultural technology that led to changes in the standard of living and demographic patterns, and the roles of women in American society. Focus: Cultural and social changes in post-war America. Key Terms: Define each… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. GI Bill White Flight Baby Boom Suburbanization Consumerism Feminine Mystique Technological innovation in Medicine and Agriculture • As a result of World War II the United States entered a period of prosperity shared by many Americans. Participation in WW2 ended the Great Depression • Prosperity and govt programs helped to expand democracy • Government investment in education expanded the middle class and narrowed the gap between the rich and poor • Veterans used GI Bill for college & trade school Provided a skilled workforce that promoted economic growth Impact of 1950s Prosperity • Prosperity of the 1950s led to an explosion in the birthrate This Baby Boom led to a need for more schools • The Cold War and Sputnik led to an emphasis on quality education, especially in science and math National Defense Education Act (1958) • Prosperity allowed young people to stay in school longer, at least through high school, and more attended college Suburbanization Suburbanization: Population shift from Rural (country) into Urban (city) areas • GI Bill also made federal loans available to veterans Could be used to buy homes or start new businesses • More automobiles and expansion of highways (by President Eisenhower), accelerated suburbanization Baby Boom also contributed to the growth of suburbs • Shopping malls, motels and fast food restaurants followed • Concentration of war industries in cities of the Northeast and the West Coast, led blacks to move from the South Continued in the 50s/60s to escape poverty & racism Caused White Flight that also spurred suburbanization o White Flight: Whites leave the city to avoid the poor • As middle and upper class moved to suburbs, so did jobs; Left unemployment, limited service and shrinking tax base This set the stage for the race riots of the 1960s • Pent-up demand for goods that were unaffordable during the Depression and unavailable during war, created markets for goods and services This helped recreate a Consumer Culture • The baby boom contributed as parents bought baby items • Demand led to an increase in production, more jobs and an economic boom during the 1950s Review Questions (Part 1) 1. What did Government investment in education do for America? a. Expanded the middle class and narrowed gap between rich and poor 2. In what ways did the GI Bill help veterans? a. Attend colleges and trade school; buy homes and start businesses 3. Prosperity of the 1950s led to what, and how did states have to adjust? a. A baby boom, and states had to build more schools 4. How did the Sputnik satellite affect American education? a. Led to emphasis on quality education, especially in science and math 5. What factors accelerated suburbanization? a. Automobiles, expansion of highways, baby boom, and White Flight 6. Why did blacks move to the northwest and west coast from the south? a. War industry jobs, and to escape poverty and racism 7. How did Suburbanization effect the inner cities? a. Business moved, causing high unemployment, limited services and a shrinking tax base. This set the stage for the race riots of the 1960s 8. What led to the economic boom of the 1950s? a. Pent-up demand from depression and war periods created markets for goods. Demand led to production, jobs and consumer spending • Cold War helped economic growth as: 1. Government spent money on weapons 2. Defense industries hired workers • U.S. had the highest standard of living by the end of 1950s • Economy offered more ‘white-collar’ jobs like clerical, or managerial, than traditional ‘blue-collar’ manufacturing jobs EVEN MORE SO TODAY!!! • As middle class had money to spend, businesses offered more products and advertised through print and TV • TV fostered a consumer culture and promoted a ‘buy now, pay later’ mentality based on a heavy use of credit cards, resulting in rising consumer debt TV also fostered a sense of national cultural conformity Video: U.S. Post World War 2 Boom What else does this Ad promote? Advances in Medical Technology • Postwar period also saw advances in medical technology Penicillin, used during the war, stimulated the search for more antibiotics and other miracle drugs Scientists developed vaccines to prevent disease like polio Surgeons, after their war service, developed new surgical techniques, including advancements in heart surgery • These lifesaving techniques impacted demographic patterns as the infant mortality rate fell and Americans lived longer Advances in Agriculture • The demand for food during the war, and prosperity of the postwar period led to advances in agricultural technology • Pesticides and fertilizers provided more food types, improved nutrition • Family farms were replaced with commercial farms • Reliance on chemicals to increase crop yields had a longterm environmental impact and resulted in legislation in the 1970s and, a worldwide concern about global warming Women in the Workplace after WW2 • The role of women in the workplace during the war laid the foundation for the women’s rights movement • Women displaced from their jobs by returning veterans Many returned to traditional roles of wife and mother • Consumer culture impacted the role of women Role as chief consumer emphasized through advertising Media glorified the role of the traditional homemaker Video: Day in the Life of a Kitchen Women in the Workplace after WW2 • Suburbs increased a woman’s sense of isolation • Career opportunities were limited to nursing, teaching, domestic, social work, retail sales and secretarial work • Few were promoted to manager and pay was less than men • As more graduated from college, they were frustrated by their inability to find and advance in jobs • Publication of The Feminine Mystique in the early 1960s helped launch the modern women’s rights movement Video: Working Women seen as unintelligent Review Questions (Part 2) 1. How did the Cold War help economic growth? a.Government spent money on weapons and defense industries 2. What type of jobs were most available during this period? a.More ‘white-collar’ jobs, than traditional ‘blue-collar’ jobs 3. What consumer trend was promoted more on Television? a.Promoted a ‘buy now, pay later’ mentality based on credit cards 4. How did post-war advances in medical technology affect society? a.Penicillin caused search for more antibiotics; developed vaccines, new techniques in heart surgery, and mortality rate fell 5. Name advances in Agricultural technologies and some consequences? a.Pesticides/fertilizers, improved nutrition, family farms replaced with commercial farms, environmental impact, legislation, global warming 6. How were women in the workplace affected by the end of WW2? a.Replaced by veterans, many returned to tradition roles 7. How were women portrayed in the media? a.Chief consumer, and glorified role of women as homemaker 8. What career opportunities were most available to women? a.Nursing, teaching, domestic, social work, retail sales and secretarial 9. Why were women who graduated from college often frustrated? a.Inability to find, and advance, in jobs that matched their new skills 10. What helped launch the modern women’s rights movement? a.Publication of The Feminine Mystique in the early 1960s Note Taking Study Guide Page 213 and 215 EOC Study Guide Chapter 9