Download Chapter 5-French and Indian War AP US History/Thomas Albany

Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
Albany Plan of Union, 1754
Ben Franklin sketched this cartoon to illustrate the urgency of his 1754 Albany Plan of Union. He unsuccessfully tried to bring the
colonies together to defend themselves against Indian and French threats. http://www.ushistory.org/us/9.asp (accessed 9/7/14)
The "JOIN, or DIE" snake, the work of Gazette printer Benjamin Franklin, 27 quickly appeared in other newspapers. The New-York
Mercury produced its own woodcut of the disjointed snake to run with the call for a united British America on May 13. Boston
Gazette printer Samuel Kneeland recreated the snake and added the words, "Unite and Conquer," coming from the snake's
mouth.28 Other papers described the snake and its calls for unity but did not create a woodcut
http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/spring97/newspapers.html (accessed 9/7/14)
Franklin’s Snake
1. Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754 (first political cartoon in American newspaper)
2. France and Britain arguing for years over landholdings in America
3. Franklin : considered the colonies to be dangerously fragmented, hoped to convince colonies they would have great power
if they united against the threat of French expansion
4. Cartoon widely distributed across the colonies
5. Delaware-missing. Was the lower three counties of Pennsylvania
6. Georgia-missing. Speculation on part of historians is that Georgia was not that well established at this point: defenseless,
had only passed three laws for the colony.
7. Snake-rattlesnake: dangerous, proliferate in 18th century colonies
8. 18th century society believed a snake would come back to life if all pieces were put together and buried before sundown
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
The Albany Congress-1754
1. Meeting of representatives of 7 northern colonies , June-July 1754: CT, MD, Mass, NH, NY, PA, RI
2. Convened shortly after snake image published, on earlier orders from the Board of Trade, the British advisory council on
colonial policy
a. Goal: establish one treaty between all the colonies and the Iroquois Nation (6 by now)
3. Albany Congress itself
a. Mutual Defense and Security
b. Discuss better relations with Native Americans
c. Discuss common defensive measures against the French Threat
d. Pursue treaty with the Iroquois
e. First meeting of colonists
i. Careful: New England Confederation-but this was only New England
ii. All thirteen Colonies were invited; no one north of Maryland showed up
iii. Model for the Stamp Act Congress, 1765, First Continental Congress, 1774
4. Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union
a. Created a Unified level of Colonial Government
i. Delegated voted approval
ii. Union of 11 colonies with a president appointed by the British Monarch
iii. Each colonial assembly-send 2-7 delegated to a Grand Council-legislative powers\
iv. Union-jurisdiction over affairs in North America
b. Rejected by the colonies’ legislatures-brought them to close together
c. Rejected by the Colonial Office (British government-created to deal with colonial affairs), which wanted a military
Command
d. Rejected by the British-did not unite the colonies enough
e. Note: much of the plan was used in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution
f. Note: Franklin speculated that the colonial independence might not have happened so soon had the plan been
adopted
Key Events & Battles, French & Indian War
Americans know it as the French and Indian War; in Québec it is known as the War of the Conquest; in Europe, mostly as the Seven
Years' War. It is generally considered as the first world-wide conflict – the confrontations took place in Europe, America and Asia –,
and it lasted from 1756 to 17631. Moreover, due to the play of alliances, most European nations and their colonies were involved in
a conflict that pitted against each other the French and British Crowns and their respective allies. The objectives differed according
to the interests of each State, but for France and Great Britain the stakes were mostly economic. The two powers confronted each
other to impose their commercial supremacy to the four corners of the earth. http://bataille.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/en/guerre-de-septans/contexte.php (accessed 9/7/14)
1.
Fort Necessity-1754-Washington defeated; war begins
http://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery.htm?id=2AA3E3A4-155D-451F-678ADDEF1E33B95B (accessed 9/7/14)
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rivals in North America-Conflicting Land Claims
a. French-the Ohio is link between New France and Louisiana; build Forts at Presque Isle and Le Boeuf
b. Ohio Company (Englishmen and Virginians) obtain 200,000 acre land grant in upper Ohio valley
c. Western PA settlers push into the Ohio Valley-establish trading posts-fur trade
1753-54-VA Governor Dinwiddie sent 8-man expedition under George Washington, emissary, to warn the French to
withdraw
Jan 1754- Dinwiddie sent VA soldiers to build fort at forks of Ohio
a. French force drives them off and builds Fort Duquesne
April 1754-Lt Colonial Washington goes from Alexandria, VA to defend the British fort-later to drive French out of Ft
Duquesne (he learned the fort was on French hands when he reached Wills Creek in May)
Washington arrives at the Great Meadows, May 1754
"I fortunately escaped without any wound, for the right wing, where I stood, was exposed to and received all the enemy's
fire, and it was the part where the man was killed, and the rest wounded. I heard the bullets whistle, and, believe me there is
something charming in the sound."
http://www.nps.gov/fone/jumglen.htm (accessed 9/7/14)
a. Jumonville Glen
i. Washington-march through the night of May 27, 1754, to confront the French and learn their intentions
ii. Washingon met with friendly Seneca chief, Half King, and made plans to contact the French.
iii. Shot fired –no one knows by whom, started skirmish: 13 French dead, 21 captured, 1 escaped.
Washington- 1 man killed, 2-3 wounded.
iv. French claimed they had been attached, were on same friendly mission as Washington a year before
v. Jumonville-leader of French, killed there.
vi. Washington-why were French hidden if on diplomatic mission?
b. After the skirmish with Jumonville’s forces, Washington feared “we might be attacked by considerable forces.”
c. Fortified his position at Great Meadows. Built Fort Necessity. Had 293 officers and men. Indian allies left-thought
that position was not defendable.
d. July 3-French and Indians (~600 Fr, 100 Ind) attack. British losses much greater. 8pm French (commanded by Capt
Coulon de Villers, Jumonville’s brother) requested truce to discuss Washington’s surrender.
e. Washington signs written terms
i. Surrendered his command to the French
ii. British allowed to withdraw with honors of war, retaining their baggade and weapons, but surrender their
swivel guns
iii. Washington guilty of the assassination of a French officer, Jumonville.
1. Washington: translation he was given guilty of death/killing, not assassination
2. French-use this to discredit the British
iv. July 4, 1754-Washington leaves, French burn Ft Necessity
Fun Fact: After the battle at Fort Necessity, hostage Captain Stobo was held by the French at Fort Duquesne. Given some freedom, he
drew a map of the fort and had an Indian smuggle it to the British. The map was captured by the French and Stobo tried for treason.
He was found guilty but managed to escape http://www.nps.gov/fone/historyculture/index.htm (accessed 9/7/14)
2.
Braddock’s Defeat-1755-Pittsburgh. British defeated at Ft Duquesne
The Battle of Monongahela 1755 - Braddock's Defeat-July 9, 1755
The French & Indians launch their attack on the British & American troops;
Braddock falls shot while George Washington attempts to assist him.
Place: The Monongahela River at the forks with the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers near modern Pittsburgh (Fort Pitt).s
Combatants: Around 1,500 British and American troops (from Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina) against a force of 300 to
600 Indians (Ottawas, Miamis, Hurons, Delawares [Lenni Lenape], Shawnees and Mingoes [Iroquois]) and some 30 French colonial
troops. http://www.britishbattles.com/braddock.htm (accessed 9/7/14)
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
3.
4.
William Pitt-1757-1761-Changes strategy-War for the Empire
a. Understood that whoever won in the Ohio Valley, would win control of North America
b. Poured in money, men, supplies
i. Command to younger, qualified generals
ii. Sent British regulars
iii. Sent money and supplies
iv. Promised the Colonies he would repay them if they would give militia and supplies
http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/william-pitt-the-younger-17591806-69401 (accessed 9/7/14)
Ticonderoga, 1758-French Victory delays the loss of Canada to the British by a year.
The Battle of Ticonderoga 1758-July 8.
Place: At the southern tip of Lake Champlain in the United States, on the borders of northern New York State and Vermont
Combatants: British and American colonial troops against French regular and colonial troops.
Generals: General James Abercromby and Brigadier Lord Howe commanded the British and Americans. The Marquis de Montcalm
commanded the French.
Size of the armies: 15,000 British and American Provincials. Around 3,600 French regular troops with a few Canadian provincials.
Winner: the French drove back the British/American attack, inflicting heavy losses
Account: The French fort of Ticonderoga lay at the southern end of Lake Champlain, part of the long inland waterway that was the
main route for a British land invasion of French Canada. In June 1758 a force of British regular and American provincial troops from
Massachusetts, New Hampshire and the other New England provinces, in all 15,000 men gathered at the head of Lake George. The
nominal commander was General James Abercrombie, an elderly portly man raised to high command through political influence
lacking military experience or ability. The true inspiration for the army was Brigadier Lord Howe. Howe understood the nature of
warfare in America and worked hard to adapt the troops for forest operations
Follow-up: Abercromby was reduced to a state of panic by his defeat and retreated to the southern end of Lake George. Fortunately
some of his subordinates were made of sterner stuff, in particular Bradstreet and Forbes. In August 1758 Bradstreet marched to Fort
Frontenac, captured and destroyed the fort and the French flotilla on Lake Ontario. In November Forbes took Fort DuQuesne,
Braddock’s nemesis.
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
Abercromby was withdrawn and his position as commander in chief taken by General Amherst. The French victory deferred their
loss of Canada by a year.
http://www.britishbattles.com/battle_of_Ticonderoga.htm (accessed 9/7/14)
5.
Louisbourg and Ft. Duquesne captured by British, 1758. Turning Points in the War. (along with the fall of Fort Frontenac Northeast corner of Lake Ontario.
a. The Battle of Louisbourg, 1758-July 27-secures British access to the mouth of the St. Lawrence
A plan of Louisburg drawn by an
French frigate ablaze in Louisburg harbour
engineer in Amherst's army
Place: On the North East coast of Nova Scotia on the eastern seaboard of Canada.
Combatants: British and Americans against the French and Canadians.
Generals: General Amherst commanded the British and American force with Brigadier James Wolfe as one of his subordinate
commanders. Chevalier de Drucour commanded the French and Canadians.
Size of the armies: 11,000 British regular troops and 200 American Rangers. The French garrison was around 6,000.
Account: The Fortress of Louisburg on the Atlantic coast of Cape Breton Island was the bastion guarding the entrance to the Saint
Lawrence River and access to French Canada. Before the British could conquer the French colony Louisburg had to be captured. It
had been taken by British provincial troops in King George’s War but returned to France in the peace settlement of 1748.
Follow-up: Cape Breton and Prince Edward’s Island became British colonies and the way opened up for General Wolfe’s attack up
the Saint Lawrence and Quebec the following year.
Anecdotes and Traditions: Madame Drucour, the wife of the French commander, went to the ramparts every day and made a point
of firing 3 cannon with her own hands. She and Amherst exchanged presents of pineapples and wine. Monsieur Drucour offered the
services of French surgeons to wounded English officer
http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-louisburg.htm (accessed 9/7/14)
b. Fort Duquesne. November, 25 1758. Control of the west-located at the convergence of the Allegheny and the
Monongahela Rivers to form the Ohio. Native American Allies begin to desert the French
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
After Braddock’s defeat, British Brigadier General John Forbes was named commander of the British and American colonial militia
and given the assignment of driving the French out of Fort Duquesne. Instead of following the road that General Braddock had
cleared proceeding west from Cumberland, Maryland, Forbes decided to proceed directly across Pennsylvania from Carlisle,
Pennsylvania, building a series of forts along his path. Henry Bouquet was named second-in-command and Colonel Washington was
given command of one of the tow Virginia regiments. Forbes began his expedition in the summer of 1758 with 7,000 British regular
troops. In the Battle of Duquesne on September 15, 1758, an advance force under Major James Grant was soundly defeated by the
French. As a consequence, Forbes decided to wait until spring to mount another attack on Fort Duquesne. Forbes changed his mind,
however, when he heard that the Native American Indians had withdrawn their support from the French. Seizing this opportunity,
Forbes divided his force into three columns , with one led by George Washington, to attempt another attack on Fort Duquesne. As it
turned out, the column led by George Washington was the first to reach Fort Duquesne only to discover that the French had burnt
Fort Duquesne then fled. Afterwards, General Forbes decided to rebuilt the fort, renaming it Fort Pitt in honor of Britigh Secretary of
State William Pitt the Elder. http://presidentgeorgewashington.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/forbes-expedition-and-washingtonscapture-of-fort-duquesne/ (accessed 9/7/14)
6.
The Plains of Abraham/Battle of Quebec-1759- Through British commander Gen. Wolfe is killed (along with French
commander Montcalm), British forces sieze Quebec in dramatic uphill attack
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
Landing of the British Army on 13th September 1759
General Wolfe and his troops climb
up the hill to the Heights of Abraham
Combatants: British and Americans against the French and Canadians
Generals: Major General James Wolfe against the Marquis de Montcalm
Size of the Armies: The British Army besieging Quebec was around 8,000 troops. The force Major General Wolfe took onto the Plains
of Abraham for the battle was around 4,500 men and 1 gun. The Marquis de Montcalm brought to the battle a force of around 5,000
men and 3 guns.
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
The Death of Wolfe by Benjamin West,1770 (National Gallery of Canada at Ottawa)
Follow-up:
After the battle the French civil governor of Canada, M. Vaudreuil left Quebec taking the majority of his surviving force and
on 18th September 1759 the governor of Quebec surrendered the city to Townsend. The taking of Quebec was the
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
beginning of the end of French rule in Canada although the British troops had to endure a severe winter in the ruined city.
http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm (accessed 9/7/14)
7.
8.
9.
Iroquois join British-American alliance-1760-tips balance of power to British
Fort Niagra, July, 1759
a. French Fort, British Victory
French surrender Montreal-1760, Sept 8. New France falls to the British
a. Almost a year after French troops defeated on the Plains of Abraham (Quebec), British seized Montreal
i. British, +18,000 men, invaded by three waterways: Murray –up the St. Lawrence from Quebec, Havilandby the Richelieu river, Amerst by the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario
ii. To avoid another bloodbath, the French went to the Place d’Armes
iii. Montreal-no long siege
http://peter.mackenzie.org/history/maps/sevenyearswar1.jpg (accessed 9/7/14)
10. Treaty of Paris-1763a. France gives up claims to all of its North American possessions.
b. All land east of the Mississippi River and Canada goes to England
c. All land west of the Mississippi and New Orleans goes to Spain.
d. The French surrendered, but their Indian allies fight on
i. The British do not understand, and then will not follow, the manner in which the French and Indians dealt
with one another. This lack of understanding on the part of the British will cause problems.
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
http://www.trinityhistory.org/AmH/images/Treaty%20of%20Paris%20Boundaries.jpg (accessed 9/7/14)
http://earlyfrenchamericanrelations.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/0/0/9900913/9572274_orig.gif (accessed 9/7/14)
Chapter 5-French and Indian War
AP US History/Thomas
11. Pontiac’s Rebellion-April 1763-1763-Native American power in Ohio Valley is broken
a. Native Americans offended by the policies of British General Jeffery Amherst, attacked a number of British forts
and settlements. Eight forts were destroyed. Hundreds of colonists killed/captured and many fled.
b. Ottawa Chief Pontiac organizes confederacy, attacks the British at Detriot
i. Siege for two months, British hold out
c. As French and Indian War ends, Indians find the British not as conciliatory as French
d. Pontiac enlisted support from almost all tribes from Lake Superior to lower Mississippi Valley to drive British out
i. Plan-each tribe seize nearest fort, then join forces, wipe out undefended settlements: Michigan, New
York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia
ii. Spring 1764: two British armies sent out
1. PA- Colonial Bouquet-defeated Pontiac at Battle of Bushy Run, (outside Ft Pitt)
2. Great Lakes-Colonial John Bradstreet.
3. Delaware and Shawnee forced to sue for peace, breaking Pontiac’s alliance
http://belleisleconservancy.org/learn-more/historical-gallery/ http://www.irwinator.com/120/5-7.jpg (accessed 9/7/14)
e. Pontiac signed treaty with British in 1766
f. Pontiac murdered by a Peoria Indian in Illinois
i. Led to warfare, Peorias almost wiped out
g. Led to the Proclamation of 1763
12. Non-Treaty Results
a. Threats to frontier are gone
b. Peace-once Pontiac is defeated
c. Britain and Money
i. Debt doubled
ii. Daily cost of running the empire increases
iii. Maintain army on the frontier
iv. Communication across the continent
d. To resolve the above
i. Proclamation Act of 1763
ii. Sugar Act
iii. Quartering Act
iv. Stamp Act
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/
NorthAmerica1763-A.png (accessed 9/7/14)