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THE GREAT WAR
CHAPTER 26
POST WAR CONFERENCE
• CONFERNENCE LEADERS:
• DAVID LLOYD GEORGE(ENGLAND)-WANTED
TO PUNISH GERMANY, ALSO WANTED THEM
STRONG ENOUGH TO STOP THE SPREAD
COMMUNISM
• GEORGES CLEMENCEAU(FRANCE)-WANTED TO
PUNISH GERMANY SEVERELY, AND PAY THE
COST OF THE WAR
• WOODROW WILSON(USA)- WANT A SOFTER
POSITION TOWARD GERMANY, INTRODUCED
HIS FOURTEEN POINTS FOR WORLD PEACE
GEORGE
WILSON
CLEMENCEAU
POST WAR CONFERENCE
• KEY ITEMS OF WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS WERE:
• REDUCTION OF WEAPONS
• LEAGUE OF NATIONS-TO ENCOURAGE
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
• WITHDRAWAL OF TROOPS
• ESTABLISHMENT OF POLAND AS A NATION
• SELF-DETERMINATION-THE ABILITY OF THE PEOPLE
TO CREATE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS
• MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
•
GERMANY HAD TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WAR
•
GERMANY HAD TO PAY(REPARATIONS) TO VICTIMS OF THE
WAR AND DEBTS OF NATIONS INVOLVED($33 BILLION)
•
GERMAN ARMY WAS TO BE REDUCED
•
GERMAN NAVY LIMITED
•
GERMANY HAD TO RETURN OCCUPIED LAND
•
GERMANY HAD TO GIVE UP SOME OF ITS TERRITORY IN
EUROPE AND ITS COLONIES
•
NEW COUNTRIES WERE CREATED IN EUROPE: FINLAND,
ESTONIA, LATVIA, LITHUANIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
YUGOSLAVIA, POLAND
AUSTRIAN DELEGATION
JAPANESE DELEGATES
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
• AUSTIRAN-HUNGARY EMPIRE WAS SPLIT
• OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO
MANDATES
• MANDATES WERE TERRITORIES OF THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE THAT ENGLAND, AND
FRANCE GAVE THEMSELVES THE RIGHT TO
GOVERNED
• THESE WERE LANDS OF ARAB TRIBES THAT
HELPED THE ALLIES DURING THE WARRESISTENCE ORGANIZED BY T.E. LAWRENCE
(LAWRENCE OF ARABIA)
POST WAR
• BALFOUR DECLARATION-WAS A
STATEMENT OF SUPPORT FROM ENGLAND
IN FORMING A HOMELAND FOR THE JEWS
IN PALESTINE
• THE PROMISE WAS DONE IN RESPONSE TO
THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT THAT WAS
GROWING IN EUROPE BEFORE THE WAR
• IT WAS ALSO DONE TO GAIN FINANCIAL
SUPPORT BY THE JEWISH BANKERS FOR
THE WAR
POST WAR
• THE U.S. DID NOT RATIFY THE TREATY OF
VERSAILLES-FELT IT WAS TOO HARSH
• THE TREATY LEFT MANY PEOPLE GROUPS
DISILLUSIONED CAUSING POLITICAL
UNREST
• PARTICURILY THE ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE
WESTERN BALKAN PENINSULA, AND THE
ARABIAS AND TURKS OF THE MIDDLE
EAST
RUSSIA IN WWI
• RUSSIA’S SUPPORT OF THE SERB’S AFTER
THE ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE
HELPED TO PUSH EUROPE INTO WAR
• THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN WAS DESIGNED TO
CONQUER FRANCE THEN TURN TOWARD
RUSSIA, NOTING THAT RUSSIA WAS WEAK
AND WOULD BE SLOW TO DEFEND ITSELF
RUSSIA IN WWI
• RUSSIA FOUGHT 8 MAJOR BATTLES BETWEEN
1914-1916
• THE BATTLE OF TANNENBERG-WAS A
DISASTEROUS DEFEAT OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY
• THE BATTLE OF LUTSK-WAS A SUCCESS FOR
RUSSIAN, IT ALMOST PUSHED AUSTRIA OUT OF
THE WAR
RUSSIA IN WWI
• DESPITE THIS VICTORY IN 1916, THE RUSSIAN
HOMEFRONT WAS COLLAPSING
• RUSSIAN LOSSES IN THE WAR ESTIMATED ABOUT 9.1
MILLION SOLDIERS
• LACK OF SUCCESS WAS DUE TO RUSSIA’S INABILITY TO
CONVERT FACTORIES TO WAR PRODUCTION
• SOLDIERS HAD TO TRAIN WITH BROOMSTICKS AND
TOLD TO GET A GUN FROM A DEAD SOLDIER,
• THEY HAD NO NEW TECHNOLOGY,
• RUSSIAN OFFICERS WERE UNSKILLED
RUSSIA IN WWI
• ECONOMIC CHAOS, HUNGER, AND POOR
LEADERSHIP PROPELLED THE PEOPLE
INTO THE STREETS
• NICHOLAS II HAD LEFT FOR THE WAR, AND
PLACED HIS WIFE ALEXANDRIA IN
CHARGE, SHE WAS OF GERMAN DESCENT
• SHE WAS CONSULTING WITH A RELIGIOUS
MYSTIC NAMED GRIGORY RASPUTIN ON
DECISIONS
RUSSIA IN WWI
• IN MARCH OF 1917, THE WOMEN IN ST.
PETERSBURG BEGAN TO MARCH AGAINST
THE GOVERNMENT, THEY WERE
PROTESTING BREAD RATIONING
• MARCH 8TH THEY CALLED FOR A GENERAL
STRIKE THAT SHUT THE CITY DOWN,
NICHOLAS ORDER HIS ARMIES TO BREAKUP THE DEOMNSTRATION; EVEN IF THEY
HAD TO SHOOT THE PEOPLE
• THE ARMY REFUSED AND MANY SOLDIERS
JOINED THE PROTESTERS
RUSSIA IN WWI
• ON MARCH 12TH THE DUMA(LEGISLATURE) SET
UP A PROVISIONAL(TEMPORARY)
GOVERNMENT
• NICHOLAS II ABDICATED THE THRONE ON
MARCH 15TH
• THE NEW GOVERNMENT DECIDED TO
CONTINUE THE WAR DESPITE THE PROTEST OF
THE PEOPLE
• THE BOLSHEVIKS(MARXIST-COMMUNIST) LEAD
BY VLADIMIR LENIN SAW AN OPPORTUNITY TO
SEIZE POWER
RUSSIA IN WWI
• LENIN RETURNED TO RUSSIA FROM EXILE AND
BEGAN ORGANIZING THE PEOPLE AND PROMISED:
•
“PEACE, LAND, AND BREAD”;
• “WORKERS CONTROL OF PRODUCTION”;
•
“ALL POWER TO THE SOVIETS”
• THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION(October 25, 1917)
BROUGHT AN END TO THE PROVISIONAL
GOVERNMENT
• NOVEMBER 7, 1917 THE BOLSHEVIKS TOOK
CONTROL
RUSSIA IN WWI
• SOON AFTER TAKING CONTROL LENIN SIGNED
THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK, NEGOIATED
BY LEON TROTSKY
• THIS ALLOWED RUSSIA TO LEAVE THE WAR,
RUSSIA HAD TO GIVE UP CLAIMS TO POLAND
FINLAND, UKRAINE AND THE 3 BALTIC
COUNTRIES(Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
• LENIN HAD CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT,
BUT WAS STILL HAVING TO DEAL WITH
OPPOSITION
RUSSIA IN WWI
• DESPITE ORDERING THE EXECUTION OF NICHOLAS
II AND HIS ENTIRE FAMILY, THERE WERE RUSSIANS
STILL LOYAL TO THE OLD REIGME
• FRANCE, ENGLAND AND THE U.S. SUPPORTED THE
WHITE ARMY(those opposed to Bolsheviks) UNTIL THE
END OF WWI IN 1918
• RUSSIA WOULD CONTINUE TO FIGHT A CIVIL WAR
UNTIL 1922
RUSSIA IN WWI
• IN 1921, ECONOMIC TROUBLES CAUSED LENIN TO
INTRODUCE HIS “NEW ECONOMIC POLICY” IT
ALLOWED SOME CAPITALIST ACTIVITIES
• LENIN DIED IN 1924 OF A STROKE
• WHICH LEAD TO A POWER STRUGGLE BETWEEN
TROTSKY AND STALIN
• STALIN WON CONTROL
• TROTSKY FLED THE COUNTRY AND WAS LATER
KILLED IN MEXICO