Download National Economy and CUP

ECONOMY DURING THE SECOND
CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD
TOWARDS A NATIONAL ECONOMY
Main Goals of CUP’s Policy of
National Economy
 Creation of Muslim/Turkish bourgeoisie
 Developing the national industry
 Limiting the foreign intervention
Yusuf Akçura
 “If the Turks fail to produce
among themselves a
bourgeois class by profiting
from European capitalism,
the chances of a survival of
a Turkish society composed
only of peasants and
officials will be very slim”
TürkYurdu 1917
National Economy
Ziya Gökalp
Moiz Kohen (Munis
Tekinalp)
 Corporatist model
 Class conflict
 Division of labour and
 Economy should be based
solidarity in the society
based on occupational
groups
 No class conflict
on big production units
 Industrialization under
state supervision
Towards a National Economy
 1908 Muslim Boycott of Austrian goods
 Muslim Boycott of 1913
Minister of Finance : Cavit Bey
State Support and New
Legislations
 1913 Law on the Encouragement of Industry
 1913 Committee of National Defense –national
mobilization
 Internal customs were removed
 Imports of machinery and equipment exempted from
tax
 School for Railway Employees
State Support and New
Legislations
 Establishment of monopolies controlled by
Turkish/Muslim entrepreneurs
 State sponsored economy journals
 1916 Usage of Turkish language in all trade relations
became obligatory
Inititatives and Organizations
 Establishment of Joint Stock Companies and
Banks
The National Credit Bank, The National Bank of
Economy, National Produce Company, National
Cloth Company
 1912 National Consumers’ Society
 1915 Esnaf Cemiyeti (The Society of Tradesman)
 1916 Establishment of Agricultural Bank
 German experts & 150 students sent to Germany
Economic Problems during the
WWI
 Labor Shortage
 Inflation
 Problems in Trade
 Allied occupation of trade routes
 Insufficient railway network
Economic Problems during WWI
 Decline in Production
 Budget Deficit
 Higher Taxes
 Reducing the Salaries of State Employees
 Cash inadequacy
 Black market
 No European loans
Kara Kemal
Economic Problems during WWI
 Decline in agricultural production and increase in
demand
 Wartime Food Supply Policies
 1916 Agricultural Obligations Law
 Confiscation of raw materials
 Consolidating the power of the landowners
 1914 Capitulations were abolished unilaterally
 Wartime profiteering (332 tüccarları)
Family, Feminism and the State
 Secularization in the sphere of family
 Women and the public life
 The “new family” and the “new life”
 Top-down approach to female emancipation
 The role of women in the war economy
Focus on Family
 Women as “mothers of nation”
 Upbringing the enlightened generations
 “National Family”
 Family as cell of society
 Moral degradation due to wars, migrations, poverty, losses
 prostitution
New Laws and Reforms for Women
 1913 – Primary education became obligatory for girls
 1914 – İnas Darülfünunu was opened
 1917 – Family Law
 Right to take initiative for divorce
 Marriages before magistrate
 Brides to be aged over 16
 Encouraging marriage through economic incentives
 1918 – segregation between sexes at the university ended
 Manpower shortage: during various wars and especially
World War I because of the scarcity of male labour, women
entered into professions which were exclusive domain of men
(Bedra Osman Hanım)
Women periodicals from the 2nd
Constitutional Era
Demet
Kadınlar Dünyası
Associations established by Women
 2 types:
philantrophic & feminist
Philantrophic associations:
- The Women’s Section of the Red Crescent Society
- The Society for Aid to Needy Soldier Families
Feminist associations:
- The Society for the Elevation of Women [Teali-i Nisvan Cemiyeti]
- The Society for the Defence of Women’s Rights [Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı
Nisvan Cemiyeti]