Download Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination

Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
Questions
Notes
The Expansion of Industry & Big Business and Labor
• Main Idea – At the end of the 19th century, _____________________________,
creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial revolution. The expansion
of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form
________________________ to better their lives.
Post war changes to farm and city life
1. _________________________ (ie the Reaper) had reduced farm labor needs and
increased production
2. Industrial development in cities had increased labor needs.
3. Industrialization provided access to consumer goods (ie _____________________)
Inventions Promote Change
Bessemer Steel Process
• (Henry Bessemer) – def. - new manufacturing process to make ________________
• SIG - new steel products used for building railroads and
__________________________
Light Bulb
• (____________________________________) – new development to serve as a
source for light
• SIG – made work less dependent on natural sunlight
Electricity
• (Thomas Edison) - new power source for _______________________ and
_______________
• SIG – electric power ran industrial machines that could be located
anywhere
Telephone
• (Alexander Graham Bell) – revolutionized _____________________________ in
business
• SIG – saved time and created new clerical jobs for ______________ in
business
Airplane
• (__________________________________) – allowed for movement of goods and
eventually people by air travel
• First flight = Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903
• SIG – led to the creation of a U.S. airmail system by _________
Assembly-Line Manufacturing
• (Henry Ford) – broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved
efficiency in production of cars
• SIG – allowed for increased efficiency in production for many industrial
products
Leaders of Industry (aka “Robber Barons”)
Andrew Carnegie
• Steel Industry
• ______________________ immigrant who rose from “rags to riches”
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
•
•
Carnegie Steel Company – made more steel than any other company in US
Developed a _____________________ – def. – complete control over an
industry’s production, wages, and prices when all competitors are bought
out
J.P. Morgan
• Banking and Finance
•
Formed a __________________________________ – def. – corporation
that did nothing but buy out stock of other companies
• Bought out Carnegie Steel in 1903 to create _________________________
= world’s largest business
John D. Rockefeller
• Oil Industry
• _________________________________ Company – controlled 90% of all
U.S. oil production
• Controlled other companies by forming a ___________ – def. – several
corporations made an agreement to be run by one executive board that ran
the trust like one big company
Cornelius Vanderbilt
• ________________________
• Dominated control of much of the nation’s railroad lines in the Northeast
and Midwest
Reactions Against Industrialists
• Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt were called
“________________________________” by critics
• Critics said they were making money in a corrupt manner
• Monopoly and Corporation (Separate Sheets for Notes…fill in the charts)
• ________________________________ (1890) – made it illegal to form a trust that
interfered with or “restrained” free trade
• SIG - limited impact at first – corporations were able to win court cases and
continue consolidation tactics
• _____________ working conditions and ___________________ caused
workers/laborers to form Labor Unions devoted to improving the lives of workers
Labor Unions Emerge
Knights of Labor
• founded by Uriah Stephens in 1869
• Open to all workers regardless of _____________, race or
_________________
• Supported an __________ hour workday
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• founded by _________________________________ in 1886
• Open to skilled workers only
• Favored __________________________________ – def. – negotiation
between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement
on wages, hours, and working conditions
• Used ________________ when necessary
American Railway Union (ARU)
• founded by Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
•
Open to all workers within a _____________________ industry (railroads)
regardless of skill level
• Used strikes when necessary – involved in the
____________________________________
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
• founded by Pauline Newman
• Labor union devoted to ________________ workers in the textile industry
• Used strikes when necessary
• _____________________________ factory fire - New York City in 1911
• 146 people (mostly women) died as a result
Strikes Turn Violent
Haymarket Square
• Chicago 1886
• Bomb exploded in a crowd of ____________________, police fired into
strikers
• ________________ started to turn against labor unions
Homestead Strike
• near __________________________- 1892
• Carnegie Steel plant went on strike when wages were cut
• Violence broke out - Pennsylvania National Guard called in to break up the
strike
Pullman Strike
• Chicago 1894
• Pullman employees went on strike after ______________ were cut
• Violence broke out – U.S. Army sent in by President Cleveland to break up
the strike
• SIG – violence in strikes caused the public to turn against labor unions
The New Immigrants
• Main Idea – Immigration reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. Most immigrants during this time period came from
____________________ and _________________ Europe as well as Asia. These
immigrants often faced hardships and hostility from native-born Americans.
Through the golden door
• Background: Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries
• “______________” factors (reasons to leave their homeland) = famine,
land shortages, religious or political persecution
• “_______________” factors (reason to come to the U.S. ) = economic
opportunity, freedom from persecution
• Flip Chart Sort: What were the reasons for immigration?
Push
Pull
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
Old immigrants
• immigrants who came to the U.S. prior to ___________, usually from countries in
Northern and Western Europe
• Ex: Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden
• Many worked on canals or railroads, or in textile mills in the North and
Midwest
New immigrants
• immigrants who came to the U.S. from ___________ to _________, usually from
countries in Southern and Eastern Europe
• Ex: Italy, ___________, Poland, Russia, Austria-Hungary
• Many worked in _________________ or steel mills, or in coal mines in the
Northeast
• Many worked in clothing industry in New York City
Asian immigration
• smaller numbers of immigrants from _____________ and Japan came to the West
coast of the U.S. between 1851-1883
• Ex: China, Japan
• Many Chinese immigrants helped to build the
____________________________ Railroad
Entering the United states
Ellis Island
• immigration center in _______________________________ (1892-1924)
• Located near the _______________________________ = first view of U.S.
for many immigrants
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
•
Immigrants had to pass ____________ to gain entry to the U.S.
• Inspection = physical exam, legal/document inspection, proof of no
criminal record, proof of ability to work
SIG – 17 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island
•
Angel island
• immigration center in ____________________________ (1910-1940)
• Inspection process was more difficult than at Ellis Island
• SIG – 50,000 _________________ immigrants entered U.S. through Angle
Island
Assimilation
• Most immigrants settled in urban ethnic neighborhoods (______________) = areas
with people of the same ethnicity, culture, religion, and language
• Made assimilation into American society easier
• Most immigrants worked hard to learn English, adopt American customs, and
become American citizens
• Public schools = essential in the process of assimilating
___________________ of immigrants
Melting pot
• a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by
abandoning their native languages and customs
Nativism
• favoritism of native-born Americans combined with anti-immigrant feelings
• Fear that __________________ would take jobs for lower pay than
American workers
• Resentment that many immigrants did not give up their unique cultural
identities
• ______________________ based on religious, cultural, and racial
differences
Immigration Restriction Legislation
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – __________ year ban on all Chinese
immigration
• __________________________________ Act of 1921 – aimed at severely
restricting the immigration totals of Southern and Eastern European
immigrants
Progressive Era
• Main Idea -Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to
broad progressive reforms.
What is meant by “_________________________”
• In American history, the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the
United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upperclass during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century
(1865-1901). The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and
population expansion.
Urbanization in the Gilded Age
• Cities grew rapidly throughout the late 19th century as a result of industrial growth
• Ex: Chicago (__________________), Detroit (________________),
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
•
Cleveland (_________________), Pittsburgh (________________), and New
York (__________________)
• Centers for manufacturing and transportation – created industrial jobs
• Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements
• Need for better public services
• ________________ and water systems were improved
• Public transportation systems were improved
• Trolley, streetcar, and _________________ (NYC) were
developed
Labor supply in cities increased- due to ___________________ and
_____________________ from rural farms
Goals of Progressivism
• Middle-class progressive reformers wanted to fix many of the problems that
resulted from ____________________ and ______________________ in the late
19th century (the Gilded Age)
• Working Conditions
• working conditions for laborers in factories
• ___________________, low wages, long hours,
______________________________, no benefits
• child labor common, discrimination against ___________
• dominance of big businesses and corporations
• government not being responsive to the needs of the _____________
• SIG – these issues led to the _______________________ movement – def.
– use of government to reform problems created by industrialization and
correct injustices in American society
Goals of Progressive Reformers
• Government controlled by the people
• Guarantee economic opportunities through government
_____________________
• Eliminate social injustices
Social Reform
• _______________________ – the movement to ban the of manufacture, sale, and
consumption of alcohol
• Based on the belief that alcohol consumption was undermining American
morality
• 18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol went into effect
• Repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933
• Responses to: _______________, Speakeasies,
______________________________ (Al Capone-Chicago)
Important Figures in the Temperance Movement
Frances Willard
• Became head of the WCTU in 1879; turned it into a powerful organization
Carry Nation
• She was so against alcohol that she famously broke into saloons and took apart
bottles with an ____________!
What was the first state to grant women the right to vote?
• ___________________!
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
• Territory – 1869
• State – 1890
• By 1919, a total of 15 states allowed women to vote in all elections
• In __________________, women were still not allowed to vote
Votes for women!
• _________________________________ – the movement to give women the right
to vote
• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
• Benefited from strong leadership – Susan B. Anthony
• Encouraged women to enter the workforce during World War One
• _____________________________ – granted women the right to vote
(suffrage)
Economic Reform
• Background: During the Gilded Age (late 1800s), government took a
“______________________” approach to the economy and did not get involved in
regulating business = _______________________________
• big businesses used power to crush competition
Raking the Muck!
• ____________________ – def. – journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of
business and public life in magazines during the progressive era
• Ida Tarbell – “History of the Standard Oil Company” attacked Rockefeller
• Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – exposed horrible conditions of the
meatpacking industry in Chicago
• Read excerpts from “The Jungle”
1906
Prohibits sale of
Pure Food and Drug
adulterated or fraudulently
Act
labeled foods and drugs
Enforces sanitary
Meat Inspection Act conditions in meatpacking
plants
Trust Busting
• _____________ Anti-Trust Act – strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Outlawed trusts, monopolies, and ___________________
• Exempted unions from being prosecuted by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Political Reform
Local governments • need to reform city governments with major problems that resulted from
increased urbanization
• Commissioners and city council managers – new ways to govern cities more
efficiently in 250 cities in the U.S.
Political Machines
• An illegal gang that influences enough votes to control a local government.
• Gained support by trading favors for __________________.
• Bosses gave jobs, cash, or food to supporters.
• Tammany Hall (NYC) and __________________
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
• Stole enormous amounts of money from the city
• Did some good:
• Built parks, sewers, schools, roads, and orphanages in many cities
• Also helped immigrants get settled and find jobs or homes.
State governments
• Secret ballot – def. – allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials
knowing who they voted for
• _________________ – def. – a bill originated by the people rather than
lawmakers on the ballot
• Referendum – def. - a vote by the people on a bill that began as an
initiative
• _________________ – def. – enabled voters to remove public officials from
elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of
their term
• Primary system – def. – voters, rather than politicians, would choose
candidates for public office through a special election
National government
• President Teddy Roosevelt’s progressive plan =
“___________________________________”
• Involved trust-busting and conservation projects
• President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive plan =
“____________________________________”
• Involved financial reform, increased government regulation of
business
Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
• Became President in 1901, after William McKinley’s assassination
• Member of the ___________________________ Party
• Progressive political party
• Promised voters a “Square Deal”
• Government will ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big
business
• “_________________________”…broke up many Monopolies and Trusts
• The first environmental President (Yellowstone)
William Howard Taft
• Elected President in 1908
• Supported safety standards for mines and railroads
• Supported the 16th Amendment:
• _______________________________________
• Disappointed progressives in the areas of tariffs and conservation
Woodrow Wilson
• Elected President in 1912
• Passed the ______________________________
• Established the modern banking system
• Established the Federal Trade Commission
• Tariff reform
• Clayton Antitrust Act:
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
• Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act
• “New Freedom”
• Promoted _________________ modification, ___________
revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
Children to school not to work!
• Child Labor – progressives wanted to end the use of children in industry
• _______________________________ (1916) – outlawed goods
being transported from state to state if those products were
produced by child labor
• Later declared unconstitutional
Amendments of the Progressive Era
• 16th Amendment – established a federal income tax
• 17th Amendment –
________________________________________________
• The people, not state legislatures, would vote on candidates
running for the U.S. Senate
• 18th Amendment – ________________________ on the manufacture, sale,
and consumption of alcohol
• _________________________________ – granted women the right to vote
(suffrage)
Jim Crow and Segregation
• Main Idea - _____________________ and ____________________ against AfricanAmericans intensified and took new forms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments.
African-Americans Fight Legal Discrimination
• Background – During Reconstruction, African-Americans faced violent opposition to
their new constitutional rights, especially voting rights.
• __________________________ – all Southern states passed voting restrictions on
African-Americans
• Literacy test – def. – difficult reading test given to African-Americans trying
to register to vote
• ___________________ – def. – an annual tax that had to be paid by
African-Americans before voting
• Grandfather clause – def. – state laws that allowed people to vote if their
grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867
• African-Americans prevented from voting as a result
Jim Crow
• ______________________________ – segregation laws passed throughout the
South to separate white and black people in public
• SIG - applied to schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems
Separate But (Un)Equal
• _______________________________ (1896) – U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
segregation of the races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the
14th Amendment
• Established “___________________________________” doctrine – states
Industrialization, Immigration, Progressive Era, and Discrimination/Segregation Notes
could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they
provided equal service.
• SIG – segregation was legal for almost 60 years
African-American Responses
• “____________________________” (early 20th century) – def. – movement of
African-Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of jobs and to
escape poverty and discrimination in the South
• Racial discrimination still existed in the North and sometimes resulted in
violence
• Ida B. Wells – led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to
act to stop oppression of African-Americans
• ______________________________________ – believed the way to equality was
through vocational education and economic success
• Did not openly challenge segregation
• Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
• W.E.B. Du Bois – believed that education was meaningless without equality
• Supported political equality for African-Americans by helping to form the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(__________________)
Summary: