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Civ IN- PowerPoint from Lecture 7 • Lecture 7A: The Early Empire I) Second Triumvirate II) Principate III) Flavian Dynasty IDs: Octavian Marc Antony Princeps Augustus Pax Romana Praetorian Guard Pontifex Maximus Virgil Aeneid Ovid Tiberius Caligula Claudius “Year of 4 Emperors” • Nero “bread and circuses” Octavian Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson Just 18 years old Named as heir by Julius Caesar • Second Triumvirate Octavian - Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson Marc Antony - Caesar’s comrade Lapidus - Caesar’s deputy • Marc Antony’s funeral oration Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him; The evil that men do lives after them, The good is oft interréd with their bones, So let it be with Caesar…. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answered it…. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest, (For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all; all honourable men) Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral…. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man…. • 2nd Triumvirate • Rule of Octavian/Augustus Undermines Marc Antony Elected consul in 31 BC Victory at Actium (vs. Antony) by 31 BC Octavian as “Princeps” in 27 BC - “1st citizen” Also becomes emperor as “Augustus”- 27 BC - end of republic/start of empire • II) The Principate • The Principate Political reforms: Cooperation w/ Senate Mutual recognition Popular reforms: Roman fire department, police Military reforms: Reduced size, Praetorian Guard • The Principate Political reforms: Cooperation w/ Senate Mutual recognition Popular reforms: Roman fire department, Military reforms: Reduced size, Praetorian Guard Main appeal- stability Pax Romana • The Two Caesars: Augustus: “I restored, I completed, I built, I gave” • “Divine Augustus” • Projecting Pax Romana • Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) 9 BC • The Principate Main appeal- Pax Romana - stability Literary patronage police • Propertius, Elegies (p. 153) • Vergil’s Aeneid “When I had said this, over my breadth of shoulder And bent neck, I spread out a lion skin For tawny cloak and stooped to take his weight. Then little Iulus put his hand in mine And came with shorter steps beside his father. My wife fell in behind.” - The Aeneid, Book II lines 936- 942 Revision the origins of Rome (vs. Romulus) - what’s added, what’s lost? • Virgil on Roman destiny (from The Aeneid) “Others shall plead cases better and others will better Track the course of the heavens and announce the rising stars. Remember Romans, your task is to rule the peoples This will be your art: to teach the habit of peace, To spare the defeated and subdue the haughty.” Vs. Ovid • III) Julio-Claudian Dynasty • Julio-Claudian Dynasty Succession? Tiberius Gaius (Caligula) Claudius Nero • Tiberius (r. 14-37 AD) General under Augustus Divorce and remarriage “Stern and irascible” Unhappiness • Emperor Gaius (37-41 AD) Great-grandson of Augustus Caesar Nicknamed “Caligula” Cruel and violent Killed by the Praetorian Guard in 41 AD Return to a republic? • Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) Bribed the Praetorian Guard Eliminated any rivals Died in 54 AD • Emperor Nero (54-68 AD) Emperor at 16 Public festivals Relations with the Senate Persecution of Christians Paraniod Military rebellion in 68 AD • 69 AD- “The Year of the Four Emperors” Invasion of Rome from 4 provincial generals Quick scramble for power Civic apathy How are Emperors like the weather? “We just to wait for bad ones to pass and hope for good ones to appear.” --Tacitus • Flavian Dynasty • Lecture 7B- Imperial Issues I) The Antonines II) The Third-Century Crisis IDs: Antonine dynasty Marcus Aurelius Septimus Severus Debasement Barracks emperors Sassanids West Germanic Revolution Goths Provincial revolts banditry • Arch of Titus (81 AD) I chanced to stop in at a midday show, expecting fun, wit, and some relaxation, when men’s eyes take respite from the slaughter of their fellow men. It was just the reverse. The preceding combats were merciful by comparison; now all trifling is put aside and it is pure murder. The men have no protective covering. Their entire bodies are exposed to the blows, and no blow is ever struck in vain. . . . In the morning men are thrown to the lions and the bears, at noon they are thrown to the spectators. The spectators call for the slave to be thrown to those who in turn will slay him, and they detain the victor for another butchering. The outcome for the combatants is death; the first is waged with sword and fire. This goes on while the arena is free. ‘But one of them was a highway robber, he killed a man!’ Because he killed he deserved to suffer this punishment, granted. . . .‘Kill him! Lash him! Burn him! Why doesn’t he kill boldly? Why doesn’t he die game? Whip him to meet his wounds! Let them trade blow for blow, chests bare and within reach!’ And when the show stops for intermission, ‘Let’s have men killed meanwhile! Let’s not have nothing going on!’ • The Antonines (96- 193 AD) Military leaders • The Antonines (96- 193 AD) Military leaders Tradition of succession Ended with Marcus Aurelius Commodus - overthrown • II) Third-Century Crisis • The Third-Century Crisis Problems: From Above • Pertinax Successor to Commodus Appointed by Praetorian Guard Career soldier Killed by Praetorian Guard after 3 months • Emperor Septimus Severus (r. 193-211) Pertinax succeeds Commodus - killed by Praetorian Guard Declining plunder Confiscations from Senators Military rule “Enrich the army, boys, and scorn the rest.” • Caracalla (r. 211-217) and debasement • “Barracks emperors” Praetorian Guard Financial problems “Raised and destroyed”: 17 of the 20 emperors between 235 and 284 AD are killed by their own troops or other Romans