Download Globalization

America Moves Towards War
550
Today’s goal
• Americans became increasingly sympathetic
to the victims of Nazi and Japanese
aggression.
• FDR eventually convinced Congress to
provide economic aid for the Allies to stop
and, eventually, defeat the Axis.
Axis Powers
• With the signing of the Tripartite Pact, 1940,
Japan, Italy and Nazi Germany became allies.
– Keep the US out of the war.
– Defend each other in case of attack.
• Hope was the US would be intimidated to
attack any one of them because it would have
to get into a costly war with all three.
lease
• To grant use or occupation of something
under the terms of a contract.
• Might involve money or time, or a
combination.
Lend-Lease Act
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By late 1940, Britain was in financial trouble from fighting Germany all alone.
FDR asked Congress to increase spending to provide needed munitions and
supplies to the British through loans or leases (to be paid back or not at a later
date)
– He made his famous “Four Freedoms” speech to drive his point to Congress and the American
people.
– Help any neighbor in trouble to stop that trouble before it got to America.
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“to any country whose defense was vital to the United States”
It would require that Congress allocate funds for an arms build-up.
– Under isolationism, military spending had been drastically slashed, even research and
development.
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Isolationists argued against it.
Most Americans supported it.
It was passed in March 1941.
EC: What would the Axis Powers think of this legislation passing?
This signaled the Axis Powers that the US was dangerous and had to be dealt with.
– Japan would prepare for it’s Hawai’i and Pacific attacks
– German U-boats would sink American ships heading for Britain.
Atlantic Charter
• Secret meeting on the cruiser USS Augusta.
• Winston Churchill, UK, and FDR made a pledge:
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Collective security
Disarmament globally
Self-determination for all in the world.
Economic cooperation during and after the war.
• This policy would be known as the “Declaration of the
United Nations”
• FDR also promised Churchill that he’d do his best to
provoke an incident that would get Congress to vote
for war.
Allies
• With the signing of the Atlantic Charter, “A
Declaration of the United Nations”, the group
of countries joining the US and Britain against
the Axis would be called “Allies”.
• 26 would join (most of the world at the time).
Tojo Hideki
• Japanese army leader.
– In 1937, he oversaw the invasion of China.
• Would rise to political power in Tokyo, becoming
prime minister for most of the war.
– He saw the US and British forces in the Pacific as
threatening to Japan’s expansionist goals.
– In 1941, he promised Emperor Hirohito to preserve
peace with the US.
– He broke that promise and ordered the attacks on
Pearl Harbor and other US and British holdings in the
Pacific.
infamy
• Fame or reputation for committing
something evil.
• Dec. 7, 1941. Japan attacked the US.
hwk
p. 551, analyzing effects
• Revision of the Neutrality Acts
• Dramatically increased defense spending
• Institution of the nation’s first peacetime
draft.
p. 551, analyzing political cartoons
• 1.
– They’re carving up what appears to be the Earth.
• 2.
– The artist is portraying Hitler as an evil
mastermind;
• Hirohito and Mussolini wait, like stooges, drooling and
licking their lips for their servings.
p. 552, Thinking Critically, 1
The US should be isolationist
 The US will avoid having
to get into everyone
else’s problems and
wars.
 It can still trade with the
world peacefully.
The US should not be
isolationist.
• The US is too politically and
economically powerful in
the world and cannot
surrender what has made it
the world’s leader.
• Too many people in the
world see the US as a
protector of global human
rights.
p. 553, drawing conclusions
• Roosevelt believed that the best way to stop
the Axis powers was to help their opponents:
• Britain, and, then, the Soviet Union
p. 554, summarizing
• It set forth the war aims of the Allies.
p. 554, analyzing causes
• German U-boats were attacking American
ships.
p. 555, analyzing issues
• Japan needed oil
• The US placed an embargo on it and other
vital materials to protest Japanese aggression
in Indochina.
p. 560, geography skillbuilder
• 1.
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Japanese islands,
half of the island north of Japan,
Korea,
Taiwan
Smaller islands
Manchuria
Parts of eastern and southern China,
French Indochina
• 2.
• Scatter the ships to make them more difficult targets
p. 557, 3, evaluating decisions
Wait for the first blow
– An attack by Japan
would swing public
opinion away from
isolationism and allow
Roosevelt to enter the
war with the support of
the American people.
Not wait for the first blow
• An earlier declaration of
war might have prevented
the attack on Pearl Harbor
and the Philippines.
p. 557, 4, predicting effects
• The attack would unify public support behind the war
effort, but it would cripple the fleet needed to fight the
war.
• EC: would it really cripple the US fleet?
• Only temporarily.
• US had plans for new, high-tech weapons ready to go.
– Congress released vast funds for the war.
• US manufacturers converted to war production easily
– Introduced new techniques and methods
– Unemployed but skilled American labor force, including women
and minorities, would work for good pay, at incredible
production levels.
US Rebuilds its Navy
(use your phone for dict./reference)
• What does the chart portray? (2)
• What types of vessels are most built? Explain.
• Which two types of vessels are our most vital
attack/defense systems today? (4) Explain.
• What will the US do with all those ships left over
after the war? (2)
US Rebuilds its Navy
(use your phone for dict./reference)
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What does the chart portray? (2)
Growth of the US Navy and the types of ships built
What types of vessels are most built? Explain.
Amphibious: to land large number of troops on enemy islands and
coasts.
Which two types of vessels are our most vital attack/defense
systems today? (4) Explain.
Carriers: can launch a small, devastating air force against an enemy
fleet or country.
Submarines: can hide and sink enemy ships, smuggle in agents and
supplies, spy on shipping
What will the US do with all those ships left over after the war? (2)
Sell them to other countries
Junk/recycle them.
p. 557, 5, analyzing primary sources
• Churchill believed that the US’ entry into the
war was inevitable.
• The US was edging closer and closer to war.
infamy
• Fame or reputation for committing something
evil.
• Dec. 7, 1941. Japan attacked the ``
• Infamy was how Japan’s “sneak attack” was
expressed in FDR’s speech on December 8, 1941.
– He requested Congress to declare war on Japan.
(regard your worksheet)
• The vote was almost unanimous.
– 1 vote against (Jeanette Rankin, pacifist)
Brief Response
• Before Pearl Harbor, what events or rumors
caused American public opinion to shift from
isolationism to wanting to do something to
stop the spread of fascism?