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The Jefferson Era,
1800–1816
The presidency of
Thomas Jefferson
shapes the U.S.
government. The
Louisiana Purchase
and the War of 1812
strongly affect the
nation.
Detail of William Clark with Shoshone guide
Sacagawea at Three Forks of the Missouri in 1805.
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Section 1
Jefferson Takes Office
When Jefferson becomes president in 1801,
his party replaces Federalist programs with
its own.
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SECTION
1
Jefferson Takes Office
The Election of 1800
• Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr are DemocraticRepublican candidates
• Believe Alien and Sedition Acts violate Bill of
Rights
• John Adams is Federalist candidate
• Thinks radicals, people with extreme political
views, will ruin nation
• Burr and Jefferson defeat Adams in
presidential election
• Burr, Jefferson receive same number of
electoral votes
Aaron Burr
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SECTION
1
Breaking the Tie
• House of Representatives breaks
Burr/Jefferson tie
• Federalists control the House of
Representatives
• Some Federalists fear Jefferson’s views
• Others, like Alexander Hamilton, feel Burr is
unreliable
• House elects Jefferson as president
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SECTION
1
The Talented Jefferson
• Jefferson has many talents:
- advises Washington D. C. architects
- skilled violinist, horseman, scientist, devoted
reader
• Book collection becomes core for the Library of
Congress
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Jefferson’s Philosophy
• Jefferson wants to unite Americans, promotes
common life style
• Wants U.S. to remain a nation of small,
independent farmers
• Believes such a nation upholds strong
democratic values
• Believes in a modest role for the central
government
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SECTION
1
Undoing Federalist Programs
• Jefferson seeks to end many Federalist
policies:
- allows Alien and Sedition Acts to end
- ends many taxes including whiskey tax
- reduces number of Federal employees,
government debt
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Marshall and the Judiciary
• Adams uses Judiciary Act of 1801 to appoint
many Federalist judges
• New president Jefferson is frustrated with
Federalist judiciary
• Cannot change judges because they are
appointed for life
• Before leaving office, Adams picks Chief
Justice of Supreme Court
• Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall in
office for over 3 decades
• Strengthens the federal courts, presides over
Marbury v. Madison, 1803
John Marshall
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SECTION
1
Marbury v. Madison
• Before leaving office, Adams picks William
Marbury as a justice
• New Secretary of State James Madison
refuses to install Marbury
• Marbury sues, case goes to Supreme Court
• Court rules that law under which Marbury sues
is unconstitutional
• Unconstitutional: contradicts the law of the
Constitution
SECTION
1
Continued Marbury
v. Madison
• Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial
review
- judicial review—has final say in interpreting
the Constitution
- helps establish balance between 3
government branches
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Section 2
The Louisiana Purchase
and Exploration
Jefferson purchases the Louisiana Territory in
1803 and doubles the size of the United
States.
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SECTION
2
The Louisiana Purchase
and Exploration
The West in 1800
• Many settlers move to region between
Appalachians, Mississippi River
• Kentucky, Tennessee become states (1800),
Ohio becomes state (1803)
• France, Spain want Louisiana Territory, Britain
claims land in region
• Louisiana Territory between the Mississippi
River, Rocky Mountains
• Spain settles California, Russians settle Pacific
coast
• Americans want free use of Mississippi River
and New Orleans’ port
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2
Napoleon and New Orleans
• Louisiana Territory is claimed by France, then
Spain
• Spain returns territory to France (1800),
French plan to colonize it
• Before returning territory, Spain closes New
Orleans to Americans
• Angers many Americans who call for war with
Spain, France
• Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans from
France
• French ask if U.S. wants to buy all of Louisiana
Territory
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The Louisiana Purchase
• France, Napoleon offer Louisiana Territory to
U.S. because:
- U.S. determination to keep New Orleans
- France’s problems with colonization
- Napoleon’s costly war with Britain
• Jefferson approves Louisiana Purchase on
April 30, 1803
• Buys territory for $15 million, doubles size of
U.S.
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Preparations for Lewis and Clark Expedition
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2
Lewis and Clark Explore
• Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis to lead
Louisiana exploration
• Lewis chooses William Clark to pick, oversee
volunteer force
• Expedition is known as Lewis and Clark
expedition
• Clark is accompanied by York, African
American slave, skilled hunter
• Expedition sets out in summer of 1803,
reaches St. Louis by winter
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Up the Missouri River
• Expedition leaves St. Louis (May 1804), heads
up Missouri River
• Explores river, hopes to find water route
across continent
• Relates well with Native Americans, describes
landscape, animals
• Reaches Mandan Indian villages in October,
builds fort, spends winter
• Leave with French trapper, Shoshone wife
Sacagawea in spring 1805
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2
On to the Pacific Ocean
• Expedition reaches Great Falls of the Missouri
• Reaches Rocky Mountains, Shoshone lands;
Sacagawea is chief’s sister
• Shoshone help explorers cross Rockies, reach
Columbia River
• Sail down river to Pacific coast, spend winter,
return following year
• Expedition brings back wealth of scientific,
geographic information
CLICK HERE FOR AN ANIMATED MAP OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION
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The Presidential Election of 1
.. ,
,
II
I
Non-voting territory
I
Electoral Vote
Share of
Electoral Vote
Party
Candidate
Democratic-Republican
Jefferson
162
92%
Federalist
Pinckney
14
8%
SECTION
2
Pike’s Expedition
• Zebulon Pike leads expedition (1806) into
southern Louisiana Territory
• Seeks source of Arkansas, Red rivers, follows
Arkansas River to Rockies
• Finds Rocky Mountain peak that is later named
Pike’s Peak
• Heads into Spanish territory, arrested by
Spanish, released (1807)
• Brings back descriptions of Great Plains, Rio
Grande River Valley
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SECTION
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The Effects of Exploration
• First American explorers of the West bring
back tales of adventure
• Bring back valuable scientific, geographical
information
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Section 3
Problems with Foreign
Powers
Jefferson tries to avoid involvement in the
problems of other nations.
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SECTION
3
Problems with Foreign
Powers
Jefferson’s Foreign Policy
• As president, Jefferson wants to focus on
domestic concerns
• Advises U.S. to be friendly with nations, but
not form alliances
• Jefferson’s effort to keep U.S. separate from
other nations fails:
- U.S. merchants are trading all over world
- U.S. has closer contact with other nations
- U.S. has little control over actions of foreign
nations
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SECTION
3
Problems with France and England
• Britain does not want U.S. to supply Britain’s
enemies with provisions
• Sets up blockade (1805), allows certain
American ships to reach Europe
• France is angered by blockade, enacts laws to
control foreign shipping
• If Americans obey British, their ships could be
seized by the French
• If Americans obey French, their ships could be
seized by British
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
Continued Problems
with France and England
• Britain uses impressment, or kidnapping, of
American sailors
• Impressment interferes with U.S. trade
• Famous impressment incident arouses
widespread anger in America
• Jefferson decides not to declare war on Britain
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SECTION
3
Trade as a Weapon
• Jefferson asks Congress to pass the Embargo
Act of 1807
- prohibits U.S. ships to sail to foreign ports
- closes U.S. ports to British
• Act hurts U.S. more than it does Britain,
France
• Because of unpopular embargo, Jefferson
loses election of 1808
• James Madison becomes president, Congress
repeals embargo
• Madison allows trade except with Britain,
France
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SECTION
3
Tecumseh and Native American Unity
• Native Americans lose much land to settlers in
the Northwest Territory
• Shawnee chief, Tecumseh says Native
Americans must unite
• Many tribes answer Tecumseh’s call for unity
• U.S. defeats Shawnee at Battle of Tippecanoe,
sets back unity movement
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3
War Hawks
• British welcome Tecumseh, warriors in
Canada
• British-Native American alliance angers
Americans in the West
• Westerners known as War Hawks call for war
with Britain
• Americans also angry about British violation of
American rights at sea
• Andrew Jackson, War Hawks urge Congress
to declare war
• Congress declares war on Britain on June 18,
1812
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Section 4
The War of 1812
Angered by Britain’s interference in the
nation’s affairs, the United States goes to
war.
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SECTION
4
The War of 1812
The War Begins
• Britain does not want war with U.S., news
reaches U.S. late
• Congress approves war
• First phase of War of 1812, Britain focuses on
defeating France
• Britain does little in U.S. except blockade the
American coast
• Second phase, Britain focuses on defeating
U.S.
• When war is declared, U.S. military is weak,
poorly trained
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4
The First Phase of the War
• U.S. wins early naval victories
• U.S. commander Oliver Hazard Perry, fleet
defeat British (1813)
• U.S. defeat British at Battle of the Thames in
Canada; Tecumseh killed
• U.S. victory ends British threat to the northwest
Oliver Hazard Perry
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4
The Second Phase of the War
• After defeating Napoleon, Britain focuses on
defeating the U.S.
• British troops burn U.S. Capitol building, attack
Fort McHenry
• Lawyer Francis Scott Key proudly watches
U.S. defend Fort McHenry
• Writes song that expresses his pride, becomes
U.S. national anthem
• U.S. defeat British at battle of Lake Champlain
(1814)
Continued . . .
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SECTION
4
Continued The
Second Phase of the War
• British troops approach New Orleans
• General Andrew Jackson patches together
U.S. troops
• Defeats British at the Battle of New Orleans
• Britain, U.S. sign Treaty of Ghent, ends war
• Battle of New Orleans takes place after the
treaty is signed
CLICK HERE FOR AN ANIMATED MAP OF THE MAJOR BATTLES
OF THE WAR OF 1812
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SECTION
4
The Legacy of the War
• War of 1812 has no clear winner but has
important consequences:
- U.S. war heroes increase American
patriotism
- war breaks the strength of Native Americans
- forces U.S. to manufacture goods previously
imported
- U.S. proves it can defend itself against the
mightiest military power
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Advanced US History
Mr. Sarver
Chapter 10 Interactive Quiz/Game
For review purposes only
Click inside the square below