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VIP’S Yalta – “The Big 3” (F.Y.I. Bio’s) Churchill Roosevelt Stalin Yalta Conference Feb., 1945 ► Took place February, 1945 before WWII was over (in the Crimea region of the Ukraine) ► Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss what to do with Germany after WWII was over. ► Continued to set up plan for United Nations April 12, 1945 ► At the beginning of his 4th Term, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies ► The U.S. went through a major grieving period ► Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, takes the role as President The end of MUSSOLINI: The Germans retreat from northern Italy in April 28, 1945. Italian resistance fighters ambush German trucks and find Mussolini disguised as a German soldier. Mussolini is shot and his body was hanged in the Milan town square. Hanging of Mussolini in Milan Square Why did the Italians do it? He had abolished democracy, outlawed all political parties except the Fascists. His secret police had jailed all opponents. He censored radio stations and publications. He outlawed strikes and controlled the economy by allying his party with industrialists and large land owners. The end of Hitler - Biographies ► April 30, 1945 Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide (gun shot and cyanide) ► Bodies burned in street ► Cover of Time magazine May 7, 1945 ► History.com video Japan (August 20, 1945)This was the first cover after nuclear weapons were dropped on Hiroshima (Aug. 5) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9). Osama bin Laden May 20, 2011 Saddam Hussein 4-21-2003 Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Zarqawi was called the "mastermind" 9-13-2006 of the insurgency in Iraq. • Allies coming from West, South & Race to Berlin North V.E. Day – VICTORY IN EUROPE! • Soviets coming for the East • Germany surrenders May 7, 1945 Berlin ruins TODAY • Japanese nearly destroyed the U.S. Pacific fleet – air craft carriers were out to sea • sunk or damaged 18 ships, including 8 battleships • 2,400 Americans killed & more than 1,000 wounded • Congress declares war on Japan the next day Results of the Attack ON PEARL HARBOR Bombing of Tokyo- April, ‘42 • Made an important psychological point: proved the Japanese could be attacked • Raised American morale • Shook the confidence of some Japanese – also Japan’s vast empire was becoming difficult to defend and control #21 The Pacific War Begins I: Battle of the Coral Sea – May, ‘42 • Both fleets fought using a new kind of naval warfare –air attacks! Opposing ships didn’t fire a shot • Airplanes taking off from huge aircraft carriers did all the fighting – – battle was a draw although the Allies lost more ships than the Japanese – who had claimed victory Allies had stopped Japan’s southward expansion for the first time #22 The Allies Stop Japanese Expansion W: Battle of Midway June, ‘42 • American pilots destroyed 332 Japanese planes, all 4 aircraft carriers, and one support ship • Admiral Yamamoto ordered his crippled fleet to withdraw #22 The Allies Stop Japanese Expansion W: Last TURNING POINT - Battle of Midway June, ‘42 • The Battle of Midway turned the tide of war in the Pacific vs. the Japanese Turning Points during WWII! • Battle of El Alamein – Egypt, North Africa • Battle of Stalingrad – Europe - USSR • D Day Invasion – Europe – Normandy, France • Battle of Midway – Asia/Pacific War #23 The Allies Turn the Tide D: On The Offensive…Allies use “a type of leapfrogging” strategy! “Island Hopping” – hop Island to Island past Japanese strong points; brutal fighting – seized islands not well defended but were closer to Japan; used air power to cut supply lines and starve enemy Gen. Douglas MacArthur – commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific troops #23 Map D: Island Hopping/Leap-Frogging Strategy Aug., 1942 – Feb., 1943 • Battle of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) • Result: Battle for control of the island turned into a savage struggle as both sides poured in fresh troops – 6 mths later the Japanese abandoned the island they came to call “the Island of Death” (lost 23,000 of 36,000 men) #24 The Allies Push Toward Japan L: New Strategy in Action! • August, 1944 Marines retake the Mariana Islands- bases for bombing raids on Japan • October, 1944 U.S. Marines return to regain the Philippines from Japan. #24 The Allies Push Toward Japan L: Battles of Iwo Jima & Okinawa ►From Feb, 1945 – June, 1945 Allies capture islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa (Japanese lost 110,000 troops – Amer’s 12,500) • U.S. forces ready for final invasion of Japan! (310 miles away) The Battle of Iwo Jima, Feb –March, 1945 The American flag planted in Okinawa, April - June, 1945 #25 Developing the 1st Nuclear Weapon Image V (1942-1945) • After Einstein sent a letter was sent to the President re: nuclear weaponry – The Manhattan Project was started (1942). • Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico to develop an atomic weapon. • By 1945, the top-secret team of scientists had developed the atomic bomb! #26 U.S. Decides to Drop the Bomb Letter J July-Aug, 1945 • Invading Japan would cost 500,0001,000,000 US lives • U.S. President Harry Truman decides to drop the atomic bomb! #27 Two A-bombs End the War in the Pacific Letter A: – August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima – “Little Boy” – August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki – “Fat Man” – Nearly 100,000 die in those 2 attacks alone • September 2, 1945 Mac Arthur accepts Japanese surrender – Victory over Japan Day - V-J DAY!!! • De-militarization and US occupation of Japan begins Why did Pres. Truman make the decision to drop the atomic bomb especially after showing that U.S. troops could attack and defeat Japanese forces at the Battles of Leyte Gulf (in Philippines), Iwo Jima, and Okinawa? Couldn’t he just have ordered an invasion of Japan? Dropping of the atomic bombs Hiroshima Nagasaki Explosion of test bomb in the Pacific V-J Day • August 15, 1945: Japan offers unconditional surrender • September 2, 1945: V-J Day = Victory in Japan Day (Formal surrender) Pic R #28 THE COST OF WORLD WAR 2 1939-1945 As many as 60 million dead (½ of them civilians) USSR had highest losses (20 million or more soldiers/civilians lost) Poland – 6 million deaths (mostly civilians) Japan – 2 million dead Germany – 4 million dead Money paid by governments to fight the war totaled more than 1 trillion dollars More than 20 million Europeans were made homeless by the fighting. The numbers dead and homeless in China will probably never be known… Japan – Post War 29. Pic CC U.S. Occupation of Japan – Sept., 1945 – ‘51 ► U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the direction of General Douglas MacArthur Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and women’s suffrage/vote) Introduced a free market economy US Occupation cont’d ► Japanese emperor had been seen as a God ► Had to declare he wasn’t a God ► Became a constitutional monarch ► Japan was not sovereign (independent) until 1951 War Crimes: THE NUREMBERG TRIALS In 1946, an International Military Tribunal representing 23 countries put Nazi war criminals on trial for “crimes against humanity”. 12 of the 22 defendants were sentenced to death. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Göring (at the left edge on the first row of benches), considered to be the most important surviving official in the Third Reich after Hitler's death. He committed suicide the night before his execution. Nuremberg Trials A. B. C. Trials held after World War II to hold all leaders of the Axis Powers accountable for their crimes during the war. Trials held after World War II to hold certain Japanese leaders accountable for crimes during the war. Trials held after World War II to hold certain German leaders accountable for crimes during the war. THE NUREMBERG TRIALS: What lesson can be learned? Goering after his suicide. Japanese Treatment of POW’s & Natives of conquered lands ► Native peoples were often treated with the same brutality as the 150,000 prisoners of war (Bataan Death March) ► After the war, in Oct.,1946, a court in Tokyo put 28 Japanese war criminals on trial. 16 received life sentences, & 7 were executed. 28 leaders were found guilty of Class A crimes and 7 were sentenced to death (including prime minister Tojo) More than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes, mostly entailing prisoner abuse. Class A Crime: those who participated in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war War Crimes A. B. C. Violation of Christian principles related to waging war. Violation of internationally accepted practices related to waging war. Violation of regulations of waging war established at the end of World War I. The BIG Questions • Was Truman right in his decision to drop the bomb? • What other choices did he have? • What consequences did this decision have for the world?