Download Chapter 10: The Coming of the Civil War

Chapter 11: The American Civil
War
The Constitution in Jeopardy
(1861—1865)
I.
Comparison of the North and South
North (Union)
1. Population
*22 m v. 9 m
2. Industry
*Textiles, iron, steel, guns
3. Railroads
*2x as many as South
4. Capital: $
5. Army & Navy
6. Functioning Govt
South (Confederacy)
1. Defensive War
*Own terrain, property
2. Military Leaders
*Jackson, Lee
3. Soldiers
4. Foreign Friends
* Britain & France
II.
Lincoln and the Constitutional Issues of
War
A. Clash of the War Powers
Article 1, Section 8 vs. Art II, Sec 2
B. Expansion of Presidential Powers
*Outline: Oath to defend…
1. Army volunteers w/o Congressional Approval
2. Ordered Blockade of Southern ports
3. Suspension Writ of Habeas Corpus in MD
4. Kentucky Under Martial Law
5. Suspended Freedom of Press/ Speech
III. A New Type of War
A. Rifles/ Shells
1. Replaced musket as standard army weapon
2. Longer range, more accurate
3. Shells: explode on impact (v. cannon balls)
4. New weapons + old strategies = bloodbath
III. A New Type of War
B. Railroads
1. Life line for supplies: troops, ammunition, etc
2. More mobility/ flexibility
3. Also able to cut
C. War of Attrition
1. “Total War”: one side inflicts continuous losses to
wear down its strength… civilians too
2. North: waged successful w of a against South
IV. Military Aspects of the War
Northern Strategies
1. Anaconda Plan
* Blockade
2. Control Miss. R
* Split South
3. Seize Richmond
Southern Strategies
1. Defensive War
* Repel N. advances
2. Win Diplomatic
Support Overseas
{Neither strategy
successful}
IV. Military Aspects of the War
B. Battles of the Civil War [Chart]
1. Battle of Bull Run: Not a short war
2. Shiloh Church: Single bloodiest day
3. Monitor v. Merrimac: All fleets obsolete
4. Antietam: Emancipation Proclamation
5. Battle of Gettysburg: Turning Point; Address
6. Battle of Vicksburg: Control of Mississippi R.
7. Sherman’s March to the Sea: War of Exhaustion
IV. Military Aspect of the War
C. Appomattox Court House
1. April 9, 1865: Lee Surrenders
2. Terms
* Officers: keep swords; soldiers: mules
* Generous truce: towards a peaceful resolution
3. Cost
* Bloodiest conflict: 600,000 dead
* Disease: poor nutrition, sanitation, infection
* “Laudable pus”
** Triumph of Nationalism over Sectionalism/States Rights
IV. Military Aspects of War
D. Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)
1. Lincoln & Slavery Issue
2. The Proclamation Itself: “Forever Free”
3. Effects
* South v. North
* British & French
** African American Soldiers
IV. Military Aspects
Effects of Proclamation : African American Soldiers
*54th Massachusetts Infantry; Robert Shaw
V.
The Home Front
A. Daily Life
1. North
* Role of women, C.Barton, Red Cross
* Copperheads
* Draft Riots (July 1863)
2. South: Problems
V.
The Home Front
B. An Active Congress
* With S. Democrats out of Congress, Republicans had little
opposition… Most active in history
1. Tariffs
2. Federal Income Tax
3. Pacific Railroad Act (1862)
4. Homestead Act (1862)
5. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
IV. Lincoln’s Assassination
* April 14, 1865… John Wilkes Booth… Later war
crimes…