Download Lecture 1: Introduction

13.1 terrorism
• Terrorism is "the systematic use of terror especially as a means of
coercion."[2] There is no internationally agreed definition of
terrorism.[3][4] Most common definitions of terrorism include
only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are
perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack),
and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants.
Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war.
• Terrorism is also a form of unconventional warfare and
psychological warfare.
13.2
• Terrorism has been used by a broad array of
political organizations in furthering their
objectives; both right-wing and left-wing
political parties, nationalistic, and religious
groups, revolutionaries and ruling
governments.[7] The presence of non-state
actors in widespread armed conflict has
created controversy regarding the
application of the laws of war.
13.3
• Terrorism has been used by a broad array of
political organizations in furthering their
objectives; both right-wing and left-wing
political parties, nationalistic, and religious
groups, revolutionaries and ruling
governments.[7] The presence of non-state
actors in widespread armed conflict has
created controversy regarding the
application of the laws of war.
13.4
• Terrorism is currently, and has been historically,
an important issue in politics around the world.
Terrorism can be be both an advantage and a
disadvantage, depending on the political climate
and the political party in question. Politics has
been the most significant issue in various elections
in recent history. In the 2008 United States
presidential election, Charlie Black, a senior
adviser to the US presidential hopeful John
McCain said a terrorist attack on American soil
would be a "big advantage" to his campaign.[45]
13.5
• Acts of terrorism can be carried out by individuals, groups,
or states. According to some definitions, clandestine or
semi-clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist
acts outside the framework of a state of war. However, the
most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by
small and secretive cells, highly motivated to serve a
particular cause and many of the most deadly operations in
recent times, such as 9/11, the London underground
bombing, and the 2002 Bali bombing were planned and
carried out by a close clique, composed of close friends,
family members and other strong social networks
13.6
• Many opinions exist concerning the causes of
terrorism.[59][60] They range from demographic
to socioeconomic to political factors.
Demographic factors may include congestion and
high growth rates. Socioeconomic factors may
include poverty, unemployment, and land tenure
problems. Political factors may include
disenfranchisement, ethnic conflict, religious
conflict, territorial conflict, access to resources, or
even revenge.
13.7
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Political disenfranchisement
Polilical, social and economic inequality
High Unemployment
Lagging economies
Extremism
Ethnic conflict
Religious conflict
Territorial conflict
High population growth rates
13.8
• Responses to terrorism are broad in scope.
They can include re-alignments of the
political spectrum and reassessments of
fundamental values. The term counterterrorism has a narrower connotation,
implying that it is directed at terrorist
actors.
13.10
• Specific types of responses include:
• Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and
enhanced police powers
• Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic
barriers
• Pre-emptive or reactive military action
• Increased intelligence and surveillance activities
• Pre-emptive humanitarian activities
• More permissive interrogation and detention policies
• Official acceptance of torture as a valid tool
13.11 sanctions
• Sanctions, plural of sanction, punishment
or permission depending on context;
contronym; may also refer to:
13.12
• Involving countries:
• Economic sanctions, typically a ban on trade, possibly limited to
certain sectors such as armaments, or with certain exceptions (such as
food and medicine)
• International sanctions, punitive measures adopted by a country or
group of countries against another nation for political reasons
• Pragmatic sanction, historically, a sovereign's solemn decree on a
matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law
• Trade sanctions, economic sanctions applied for non-political reasons,
typically as part of a trade dispute, or for purely economic reasons, and
typically involving tariffs or similar measures, rather than bans
13.13
• Read Chigora Percyslage 2008 workshop
paper.
13.14 AID FOR TRADE
• IN the field of aid there are moves towards
supporting trade. Many developing
countries face supply-side constraints that
severely limit their ability to benefit from
the mutlilateral trading system. In
recognition of these challenges, the Sixth
Ministerial Conference created a new WTO
work programme on Aid-for-Trade.
13.14
• Aid for Trade comprises aid that finances traderelated technical assistance, trade-related
infrastructure and aid to develop productive
capacity. How to
• help developing countries overcome their traderelated institutional, human resource and supplyside capacity needs consequently became an
integral part of the WTO negotiations
13.15
• TWO ISSUES
• 1. Trade and policy regulations- to help negotiate,
reform and prepare closer integration in
multilateral trading system covers analysis and
implementation of multilateral trade agreements,
trade policy mainstreaming and technical
standards, trade facilitation including tariff
structures and customs régimes, support to
regional trade arrangements and human resource
development in trade.
13.16
• 2. trade development- to help enterprise
engage in trade and improve business
climate, access to trade finance and trade
promotion in productive sectors
(agriculture, forestry fishing, industry,
mining, tourism and services).