Download Biology Fall Final Exam Review KEY

Biology Fall Final Exam Review KEY
1. Safety. . . .
a. What types of safety equipment is necessary for working with chemicals, dissecting, studying
living organisms or working with fire? Varies according to activity
b. What safety equipment might be used if you got something in your eye? Eye wash Spilled a
chemical on your skin? shower Started an accidental fire? extinguisher Needed to handle
something hot? gloves
c. Do you have to wear goggles if you wear glasses? YES!
d. Can you put solutions down the sink? no
e. What types of equipment can you reuse, do you need to dispose of? Glassware/labware . . .
dispose of cotton swabs, consumables
f. Is tasting and smelling solutions okay if you know what they are? no
2. Scientific Theory. . . .
a. Is it good practice to do an experiment just once before throwing out your hypothesis? no
b. What constitutes a theory (what is TRUE about them)? (see TF question in spiral)
c. What limits scientific theories? They must be scientifically applicable – only science based
d. How has new technology affected our theories? May uncover more accurate information than
previously understood
e. What do hypothesis and theories have in common? Testable, scientific, repeatable
3. Organization and Symbiotic Relationships . . . .
a. Know the correct order of populations, organisms, biosphere, communities and ecosystems
from smallest (one of them) to largest (contains all of them) organism, population, community,
ecosystem, biosphere
b. Be able to identify symbiotic relationships mutualism ++, parasitism +-, commensalism +o
c. Know what type of feeding relationship is predation predator hunts, traps and or eats prey
d. How do different organisms show territorial displays? Urination, scratching, scenting, fighting
4. Know the energy pyramid and food webs . . . .
a. What does each level represent? Producer, 1o consumer, 2o consumer, 3o consumer
b. Where will you find producers, consumers, decomposers? First level, 2nd 3rd 4th levels, all but 1st
c. What types of organisms are decomposers? Fungi, bacteria
d. The 10% rule 100% to producer – 10% - 1% - .1% - .01% etc
e. Which direction do the arrows point in a food web? Toward the one getting energy/eating
f. What will happen to a food web if certain organisms are removed? Prey increase, predator
decrease, domino effect
g. Biomagnification – as toxins move through the food chain they increase in higher levels
5. Biogeochemical Cycles . . . .
a. What are these cycles? Chemicals cycling through ecosystems
b. What two processes in living organisms cycle carbon and oxygen? Photosynthesis & cellular
respiration
c. What organism is extremely important in the fixation of nitrogen? bacteria
d. Recognize steps to the water cycle (precipitation, transpiration, condensation, etc)
6. Know population growth . . . .
a. Carrying capacity is about sustainability of a population – what is carrying capacity? # of
organisms an area can support
b. What two types of limiting factors affect carrying capacity? Density-dependent, densityindependent
c. What is the relationship between predators and prey and their population numbers? Prey
increase, predator increase, prey decrease, predator decrease, prey increase, etc.
d. What will happen to any population that continues to increase over time, surpassing its carrying
capacity? crashes
7. Adaptations . . . .
a. What is an adaptation? Change made to survive natural selection Why must organisms adapt
(what process are they responding to)? Natural selection – to survive
b. Know what changes in an organisms traits could mean – why these changes may have been
made mouth change – to eat different foods, color change – to avoid or attract
c. Where do you find environmental factors? Some are abiotic so in ecosystems
8. Succession (Ecological Development). . . .
a. What is primary succession? Initial growth on new land
b. What is secondary succession? Growth on bare land that once had growth before
c. What is a climax community? Final community in succession
d. What is the first step on bare land in primary succession? Mosses, lichens
e. What is the first step in an aquatic environment in primary succession? Algae, other
phytoplankton
f. What could lead to secondary succession? Fire, cleared abandoned farm land, mining
9. Scientific Experimentation. . . .
a. What is the independent variable in an experiment? What is changed in each setup
b. What is the dependent variable in an experiment? The result of the change, the outcome
c. What is the control and why is it important? Set up that is not affected by IV, used to compare
d. How many variables can you change in an experiment? ONE
e. What safety rules go along with heating substances and using a hot plate? Use gloves, proper
glassware
10. Organic Macromolecules
a. What is dehydration synthesis? Removing H2O to bond two molecules Be able to recognize it
b. What is hydrolysis? Adding H2O to break the bond between two molecules Be able to
recognize it
c. What makes a molecule organic? Carbon (H&O)
d. What are the 6 most common elements in organic molecules? CHNOPS
e. What is a polymer? Many monomers bonded together
f. What is a monomer? One unit
11. Nucleic Acids
a. What elements are found in these? CHNOP
b. What is the monomer? nucleotide
c. What are the polymers? DNA,RNA
d. What is the function? Stores and transfers Genetic Information
e. How important is the order of the monomers compared to other macromolecules? VERY!
Change the order, the entire gene code changes
12. Carbohydrates
a. What elements are found in these? CHO
b. What is the monomer? Saccharide (glucose) What are the polymers? Disaccharide (sucrose),
polysaccharide (starch)
c. What is the shape of a sugar molecule?
d. What are the differences among mono-one sugar, di-two sugars, poly-more than 2 sugars
saccharides?
e. How do animals glycogen, plants cellulose in cell walls, starch and insects chitin store
carbohydrates?
f. Where are carbs found in plant cells? Cell walls (cellulose) Animals? Liver
g. What is the function of carbohydrates? Short term energy
h. How important is the order of the monomers compared to other macromolecules? Not very –
still saccharides
13. Lipids
a. What elements are found in these? CH and little O
b. What is the monomer? Glycerol, fatty acid chains
c. What are the polymers? Triglycerol, phospholipids, cholesterol
d. What is the function? Long term energy storage, insulation, protects organs, protects plants
from water
e. How important is the order of the monomers compared to other macromolecules? Not very
f. How does fat benefit animals? Insulation, energy, protection
g. How does wax benefit plants? Repels water
14. Proteins
a. What elements are found in these? CHNOPS
b. What is the monomer? Amino acid
c. What are the polymers? Phospholipids (proteins)
d. What is the function? Builds body, some are enzymes and catalyze reactions
e. How important is the order of the monomers compared to other macromolecules? Very, builds
your traits as coded by DNA
f. What is a protein that acts as a catalyst called? Enzyme
15. Enzymes
a. Which macromolecule is an enzyme? Protein
b. How does temperature affect enzymes? Too hot- denatures it (kills it), too cold slows it down,
somewhere in middle it works perfect
c. How does pH affect enzymes? Same as temperature, need somewhere in the middle
d. What is an Enzyme? Binds to substrate to connect it or break it apart Substrate? Molecule
binding to enzyame to go through a reaction Active Site? Place on enzyme where substrate
binds Competitive Inhibitor? Binds to active site to prevent substrate from binding rendering it
useless Non-competitive Inhibitor? Bind to another part of the enzyme, changing the active site
shape. Product? Result of reaction (either two separate pieces broken apart or one piece from
two binded together
For the above substances in “d” above, know which is which in a diagram
e. What are common enzymes in your body? Catalase – breaks down H2O2, Amylase – in saliva to
break starch into sugars, Lipase – breaks down fats
f. What is activation energy? Energy needed for reaction to occur How do enzymes affect it?
Decrease amount needed Be able to recognize on a graph.
16. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
a. What is the main difference between these? Pro=no nucleus, Eu=nucleus and double
membrane bound organelles
b. What organelles are found in prokaryotes? Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes
c. What organisms are prokaryotes? bacteria
d. What organisms are eukaryotes? All others besides bacteria
e. What organelles do these have in common? Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes
f. Which of these have nucleic acid? All do
g. Which are unicellular, which are multicellular? Pro-uni, Eu-multi (few exceptions)
h. What advantage does a multicellular organism have over a unicellular organism? Specialized
cells for different functions
i. What are flagella and cilia used for? Motility, mobility, movement
17. Plant Cell vs Animal Cell
a. What organelles are found only in plant cells? Cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplast
What organelles are found only in animal cells? Vesicles, lysosomes
b. What organelles are found in both? ER, Mito, ribo, Golgi, nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm
c. What surrounds a plant cell? Cell wall
d. What surrounds an animal cell? Cell membrane
e. How do animal cells make energy? Cellular respiration using mitochondria
f. How do plant cells make energy? Photosynthesis in chloroplast and Cellular respiration using
mitochondria
18. Cell Organelles (You MUST know the function of all of the following)
a. Nucleus controls cells activity, contains DNA
b. Cell (phospholipid) membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell, double layer lipids
embedded with proteins
c. Ribosome Synthesize (make) proteins
d. Endoplasmic Reticulum transports proteins throughout cell
e. Golgi packages and modifies proteins
f. Lysosome contains digestive enzymes for extracellular digestion to clean cells
g. Vesicle small storage sac in animal cells
h. Mitochondria Uses Oxygen and Glucose to make ATP for energy
i. Chloroplast Uses water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and oxygen
j. Cell Wall Stiff outer covering of cell for structure and support
k. Vacuole Large storage sack in plants
l. Review what the organelles look like on a diagram.
19. Passive Transport
a. Why is this type of transport called “passive”? no energy used
b. What is the diffusion of water called? osmosis
c. Be able to identify hypotonic – more H2O less solute, hypertonic less H2O more solute and
isotonic same H2O and solute as cell
d. What type of diffusion uses carrier proteins? Facilitated diffusion
e. Which direction do molecules move across the concentration gradient in this type of transport?
High to Low
f. What is a semipermeable membrane? Allows certain materials to pass through and others can’t
g. How does the size of molecules affect movement across a membrane? Smaller things move
across
20. Active Transport
a. Why is this type of transport called “active”? uses energy
b. What are examples of active transport? Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis –
potassium/sodium pump
c. Which direction do molecules move across the concentration gradient in this type of transport?
Low to high
d. Why is the sodium potassium pump considered active transport? Uses energy to move from
low concentration to high concentration
21. Photosynthesis
a. In what organelle does this occur? chloroplast
b. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? H2O + CO2, and energy
c. What are the products of photosynthesis? C6H12O6 + O2 and energy
d. What is the chemical formula for glucose? C6H12O6
e. What does a polymer of glucose look like (diagram)?
22. Cellular Respiration
a. In what organelle does this occur? mitochondria
b. What do glycolysis, fermentation, and cellular respiration have in common? They all are
metabolic pathways that obtain and use energy
c. What does ATP break down during cellular respiration? glucose
d. If a cell runs out of oxygen what type of respiration will it revert to? anaerobic
e. What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? ATP for energy is made to be utilized by
the cell
23. Cellular Transport and Energy
a. If water is leaving a solution to enter a cell, the solution is _hypo_tonic.
b. If water is leaving the cell to enter the solution, the solution is __hyper__tonic.
c. Name the process: H2O + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2 Photosynthesis
d. Name the process: C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 Cellular Respiration
e. When performing the experiments in class, what solution is commonly used as a control?
Distilled water
f. Why is it necessary to have a control? For comparison
g. In the diagram below what is being used and being produced at points X and Y? Energy
X
Y
24. Cell Reproduction
a. What are the two parts of the Cell Cycle? Interphase and Mitosis Which is longer? Interphase
b. What happens in Interphase? G1?grows and develops S? DNA is replicated G2?makes necessary
materials & proteins
c. What are the phases of Mitosis? What happens in each phase? Pro – nucleus disintegrates,
chroms become visible, Meta – chromes line up across the equater of cell, spindle attaches to
centromeres. Ana – chroms split apart, go back into chromatin. Tele- cell begins to split,
chromosomes back into chromatin
d. What can uncontrolled cell growth by mutations cause? cancer
e. What is the purpose of mitosis? Growth and replacement
f. What pulls the chromosomes apart during anaphase? Spindle fiber
g. What does cytokinesis result in? two identical cells
25. DNA Structure
a. What is the purpose of DNA? Codes for proteins, carries genetic code
b. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
c. Where is DNA found? Nucleus of cell in eukaryotes, in cytoplasm of prokaryote
d. What is chromatin? Uncoiled DNA
e. What is a nucleotide? Polymer of DNA (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)
f. What is meant for 5’ and 3’? Direction of DNA structure/formation
g. What makes up the backbone (two sides) of DNA? Sugar, phosphate
h. What makes up the rungs of the ladder? Bases
i. What are the 4 bases in DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
j. How do the bases pair together? A-T, C-G
k. What kind of sugar is in DNA? 5 carbon sugar, deoxyribose
l. What holds nitrogenous bases together? H bond
m. What are the bases attached to on the backbone of DNA? Sugar
n. What is DNA replication? DNA is copied
o. What is the end result of DNA replication? Two identical copies of DNA
p. Why does DNA replicate? So cells can divide during mitosis