Download Chapter 20 Section 1 Roman Arts and Engineering

Chapter 20
Section 1
Roman Arts and
Engineering
Standards
• S.S. 6.7.8
• Describe the legacies of Roman art and
architecture, technology and science,
literature, language, and law.
• ELA Reading 6.2.7
• Make reasonable assertions about a text through
accurate, supporting citations.
Anticipatory Set
• What advances in art
and engineering have
we seen across the
curriculum?
• In Egypt?
• In China?
• In India?
Objective
• Students will learn about Roman
achievements in art, architecture, and
technology. They will also read about
science and medicine in the Roman
Empire.
Language of the
Discipline
• Mosaic
• Aqueduct
• Claudius Ptolemy
• Hypatia
• Dissect
Art and Architecture
(Input)
• Greek art and
architecture had great
influence on the Romans
• The Romans did not copy
the Greeks
• They constructed
buildings and created
artwork that fit the
Roman needs and tastes
Painting and Sculpture
(Input)
• Art filled many homes and public buildings in Roman
towns
• Floors were decorated with mosaics
• A mosaic is a design formed with small tiles of glass,
stone, or pottery.
• Many homes had decorative wall murals
• Sculpture was popular as well
• Statues of gods and important officials stood in
markets, temples, and other public places.
Painting and Sculpture
(Input)
• In contrast to Greek artists who tried to show
perfect beauty, the Romans were more realistic
• Skillful artisans used various materials to make
beautiful everyday objects
• They crafted vases and jars of blue glass and
mirrors of polished silver
• Animal bone was used in combs and pins
• Romans wore jewelry made of silver, gold, and
gems
Painting and Sculpture
(Input)
Buildings and Bridges
(Input)
• Roman architects based their designs on Greek
models
• These architects went on to devise new building
materials and methods
• One innovation was the invention of concrete
• Concrete is a building material made by mixing small
stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water.
• This mix was poured into forms and would then harden
• Concrete was lighter and easier to work with than stone
• Workers needed less skill to pour concrete than to carve
stone
Buildings and Bridges
(Input)
• Using this new material, workers were able to design large
open structures covered with domes
• One of the most famous being the Pantheon
• Concrete was also used in Rome’s Colosseum
• An outdoor arena where 50,000 people could watch gladiator
battles, wild beast hunts, and criminals being put to death
• It could also be filled with water for make-believe sea battles
• A rounded arch is the most typical feature of Roman
structures. They were over roadways and on the walls of the
Colosseum
• All across the empire, Roman soldiers and engineers build
sturdy bridges supported by rounded arches
Buildings and Bridges
(Input)
Technology and Science
(Input)
• The Romans were
practical people
• The excelled at using
technology to improve
daily life
• Some roads, bridges,
and water systems
they built are still in use
today
Roman Roads (Input)
• “All Roads lead to Rome” is an old saying
• Major roads extended to and from the city of Rome like
spokes of a wheel
• More than 50,000 miles of straight, paved roads
crisscrossed the empire
• The roads linked cities and military forts
• They were built to last a long time and we use some of
Rome’s routes today
• The roads were built to move the army from place to
place
Roman Roads (Input)
• Military engineers, architects, stonemasons, and
surveyors traveled with the army
• Soldiers turned into road builders when not fighting
• All roads had the same pattern
• Straight
• A layer of large flat stones was laid in the bottom of the
roadbed
• Smaller stones and gravel were laid on top
• The surface was covered with paving stone, crushed
rock, or concrete
• Roads had a slight hump in the middle so that water
would drain during storms
Roman Roads (Input)
Roman Roads (Input)
• Smooth all-weather roads were an
improvement from dirt paths
• The roads sped up communication
• Messengers on horseback could travel up to 75
miles a day, making government and trade
more efficient
• Roads made it possible for people to see the
world
Water Systems (Input)
• Roman engineers designed elaborate water systems to
supply towns with clean water
• They built hundreds of miles of canals and aqueducts to move
water from mountain springs to the plans below
• An aqueduct is a structure for carrying water across land
• Roman aqueducts looked like long bridges
• Water ran on one level in a covered channel. A second level
served as a road
• Once in the city , water flowed in to lead pipes
• Some ran to the public fountains. Most people got their
water from these sources
Water Systems (Input)
• The wealthy had water piped into their homes
• Other pipes supplied public baths. In these
bathhouses, heating systems under the floors
supplied warm or hot water to different soaking
pools
• They also built sewer systems to carry waste away
from the cities
• No one could come up with a better sewer system
until modern times
Water Systems (Input)
Science (Input)
• One important scientist of this time influenced how
people viewed the universe for the next 1,200 years
• Greek astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy
wrote a famous book on astronomy called Almagest
where he used mathematics to show that earth is the
center of the universe
• The sun, moon, and other planets revolved around the
Earth according to him (not true but believed for
centuries)
• A popular scholar named Hypatia was a teacher of
philosophy , astronomy, mathematics, and religion
Science (Input)
• Many Christians were
suspicious of science
and rumor has it
Hypatia was murdered
by a Christian mob
• She is remembered as
the first woman to be
noted for excellence in
mathematics
Medicine (Input)
• During the rule of Caesars, physicians continued to make
advances in medicine
• The best known physician in the Roman Empire was a
Greek doctor named Claudius Galen
• Early on his patients were gladiators
• Later he became the physician of three emperors
• Galen is remembered today for his use of experiments to
expand medical knowledge
• He carefully dissected, or cut open, animals such as
monkeys, pigs, sheep, and goats to study how bodies
function
Medicine (Input)
• He was the first to
discover that arteries
and veins carry blood,
not air, as had been
believed for hundreds
of years
• Doctors used Galen’s
writings on anatomy
for more than a
thousand years
Check for Understanding
• Please determine the BEST answer for the
following question.
• Please write your answer on your white
boards and wait for the teacher’s signal.
• On the teacher’s signal, hold up your white
boards.
Checking for
Understanding #1
Fill in the blank
• _______________ a structure for
carrying water across land
• aqueduct
Checking for
Understanding #2
Answer the following question.
•What innovation did the Romans
come up with to help them with
architecture?
• The Romans invented concrete,
which was easier to work with than
stone
Checking for
Understanding #3
Answer the following question.
•Which important scientist
influenced how people viewed the
universe?
• Claudius Ptolemy influenced how
people view the universe
Guided
Practice/Independent
Practice
• Guided Practice
• Complete questions 1 - 2 on the reading comprehension
worksheet.
• Raise your hand and wait to get stamped.
• If you received an “R” go to the back table with Ms. Graham.
• Independent Practice
• Once you have been stamped moved to independent practice
and complete numbers 3 and 4 on the reading comprehension
worksheet.
• Homework
• Note-taking guide on the reverse side.