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Chapter 08 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Warm up: 1. Describe this skeleton from a set of conjoined twins. Take note of the vertebral column, rib cage, sternum. Do they share a torso? Do they have extra humeri, radiusses, ulnas, etc. 2. Does this look like the skeleton of older people or young people, why? 8.1: Types of Joints Structural Classification of Joints: a. Fibrous b. Cartilaginous c. Synovial 3 Fibrous Joints Fibrous joints are held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers; found in bones in close contact • There are 3 types of fibrous joints: • Syndesmosis • Suture • Gomphosis 4 Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage There are 2 types of cartilaginous joints: • Synchondrosis • Symphysis 5 Synovial Joints Synovial Joints: • Most joints are synovial joints • Synovial joints can move! 6 Types of Synovial Joints There are 6 types of synovial joints, classified by shape and movements they allow: Ball-and-Socket Joint: • • • • • Also called spheroidal joint Round head in cup-shaped cavity Widest range of motion Multiaxial, plus rotation Hip, shoulder Condylar Joint: • • • • • Also called ellipsoidal joint Oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity Back-and-forth, side-to-side movement Biaxial movement, no rotation Joints between metacarpals & phalanges 7 Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joint: • • • • • Also called gliding joint Almost flat, or slightly curved Back-and-forth and twisting Nonaxial movement Wrist and ankle joints Hinge Joint: • Convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone • Uniaxial movement (in 1 plane) • Elbow, joints between phalanges 8 Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint: • Also called trochoid joint • Cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone • Uniaxial movement • Rotation only • Atlas (C1) and dens of axis (C2) Saddle Joint: • Also called sellar joint • Both bones have concave and convex surfaces • Biaxial movement (in 2 planes) • Carpal & metacarpal of thumb 9 8.2: Types of Joint Movements • Action of skeletal muscle produces movement at synovial joints • Relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle is called the origin • More movable end of a skeletal muscle is called the insertion • Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts, and its fibers pull the insertion towards the origin 10 Types of Joint Movements • Abduction / adduction • Flexion / extension / hyperextension • Lateral flexion 11 Types of Joint Movements • • • • Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion Circumduction / rotation Medial rotation / lateral rotation Supination / pronation 12 Types of Joint Movements • Inversion / eversion • Protraction / retraction • Elevation / depression 13 8.3: Examples of Synovial Joints Examples of large, complex synovial (also freely movable) joints: • Shoulder • Elbow • Hip • Knee 14 Shoulder Joint Shoulder Joint: • Ball-and-socket • Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula • Loose joint capsule • Ligaments prevent displacement • Glenoid labrum • Several bursae • Very wide range of movement, including rotation, circumduction 15 Shoulder Joint Major ligaments of the shoulder joint: • Coracohumeral ligament • Glenohumeral ligaments • Transverse humeral ligament 16 Elbow Joint Elbow Joint: Contains 2 articulations: • Hinge joint: - Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna - Flexion / extension only • Plane (gliding) joint: - Between capitulum of humerus and fovea on head of radius - Pronation / supination • Several reinforcing ligaments 17 Elbow Joint Major ligaments of elbow joint: • Radial collateral ligament • Ulnar collateral ligament • Anular ligament 18 Hip Joint Hip Joint: • Ball-and-socket joint • Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone • Acetabular labrum • Heavy joint capsule • Many reinforcing ligaments • Variety of movement, yet less than at shoulder joint 19 Hip Joint Major ligaments of the hip joint: • Iliofemoral ligament (strongest ligament in body) • Pubofemoral ligament • Ischiofemoral ligament 20 Clinical Application 8.1 Replacing Joints • Synthetic materials are used to replace joints damaged by arthritis or injury • Steel and titanium replace larger joints, silicone used for smaller joints, some are ceramic • Hip replacements are the most common • New technology for joint replacement: - Use of materials that resemble natural body chemicals, such as coating implant with hydroxyapatite - 3D printing technology used to create custom replacement joints 21 Knee Joint Knee Joint: • Largest & most complex joint • 3 bones: • Femur: Medial and lateral condyles of distal end • Tibia: Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end • Patella: Articulates with anterior surface of femur • Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons • Cushioned by bursae, fat pads • Menisci separate femur and tibia 22 Knee Joint Major ligaments of the knee joint: • • • • Patellar ligament Oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Tibial (medial) collateral ligament • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament • Anterior cruciate ligament • Posterior cruciate ligament Knee joint characteristics: • • • • Modified hinge joint between condyles Flexion / extension Some rotation when knee is flexed Plane joint between femur & patella 23 Clinical Application 8.2 Joint Disorders • Sprains: Tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation • Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, from overuse or stress • Arthritis: Inflammation, swelling, and pain in a joint - Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease - Osteoarthritis: degenerative, most common type, occurs with aging - Lyme arthritis: caused by Lyme disease, passed through tick bite 24 8.4: Lifespan Changes • • • • • • Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging Many people develop arthritis as they age Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen, however, over a lifetime Cartilage in synchondroses stiffens Ligaments lose elasticity Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (due to water loss from the intervertebral discs) • Synovial joints lose function, as capillary supply diminishes • Disuse hampers the nutrient supply to joints; speeds up stiffening • Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer 25