Download HIstory midterm

Ideology of “separate spheres” – An Ideology that limited women to a domestic sphere only and was a
marker of middle class identity (by mid 19th century)
Manifest Destiny- An ideology. Belief that God gave Anglo-Americans the WHOLE continent as theirs.
Americans represent “civilization” which is better than “savages” so Americans believe they are more
civilized than other people.
Temperance- As the American Revolution approached, economic change and urbanization were
accompanied by increasing poverty, ordinances were relaxed and alcohol problems increased dramatically.
Apparently influenced by Dr. Benjamin Rush's widely discussed belief that the excessive use of alcohol
was injurious to physical and psychological health, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community
formed a temperance association in 1789 to ban the making of whiskey. Similar associations were formed
in Virginia in 1800 and New York State in 1808.
“Cherokee Nations vs. Georgia” case- (1831), was a United States Supreme Court case. The Cherokee
Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the state of Georgia depriving them of rights
within its boundaries. enacted a series of laws which stripped the Cherokee of their rights under the laws
of the state. They intended to force the Cherokee to leave the state
Black HawkTreaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo- set new borders. that ended the Mexican-American War (1846 – 48).
With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capitol, Mexico in September 1847 the Mexican
government surrendered to the United States and entered into negotiations to end the war. It was supposed
protect Hispanic land rights as part or territorial transfer. Hispanics and first nations people lose their right
to vote, land titles, and the ability to use American courts to sue for protections. Slavery spreads.
The Grimke sisters- Sarah Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Grimké Weld (1805-1879), known as the
Grimké sisters, were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates
of abolitionism and women's rights.
Nativism- Native born WHITE Americans and their fear about religious ethnic diversity. Big movement
in 1840’s reacting to Irish Catholic immigrants.
The “second great awakening”- religious revivals of the 1820’s and 30’s that stress emotion and antiintellectualism. Key to reform activism.
“wage slavery”- wage work leaves the household and men follow it out. Women are now separated from
the new world of wage labor and this results in narrowed understanding of women’s “nature” and roles.
Slowly the idea of women in the workplace outside the home hardens. Words like Fragile, weak, lacking
intellect, overly emotional, religious,sentimental
Developments of the first 2 decades of 19th century:
Impact of Louisiana Purchase on new nations: Jefferson ordered government to buy land from france
(15 million). Assuming control of such a large area brought up fears of federal power and fears of ethnic
diversity. To Americans we think of expansion as “expansion of liberty and freedom” but to non-whites it
was a decline of liberty.
Jefferson’s vision of democracy: limited national government, important powers seen to reside with
states. Individual liberties emphasized. This idea of democracy is based on AGRARIANISM= an
agriculturally based society that depends on LAND OWNERSHIP to create a stable, secure society.
Anyone who can’t own land IS NOT included in the vision of democracy.
Industrialization on American Society: Efforts to expand production were stimulated by improvements
in transportation- better roads, new canals, scheduled shipping, and the rise of the railroad. Eli Whitney’s
invention of the cotton gin increased production. The creation of the “manufactory”. The imposing of the
new value system.
Economy in 1st half of 19th century:
Impact all social groups the same?: impacted women in the workplace.
Defining of the new middle class: With the movement of women to the industrial world, there was a rise
of the new middle class of managers, foremen, clerks that support new forms of production. Rise of a new
value system: speed punctuality, sobriety, work ethic,
Most important aspects of middle class:
“Jacksonian Democracy in the 1830’s:- Elevation of the common man as the engine of American
Democracy. Property qualifications gone by 1840’s. The idea of Majority Rule comes to dominate. Direct
appeal to voters by politicians (new forms of mass campaigning). Political party identification. Men
started going out to work, so the stress on land ownership declined. 1) development of the 2 party system.
Democrats under Jackson were urban poor, southern planters, and westward settlers. Put emphasis on
westward expansion.
Characterized by expansion or contraction of freedom?: Expansion for the white man contraction for
first nations. Started “the removal” said he wanted to protect the vanishing race. Says that the first nations
did not use the land so it was “free”. Jackson sees SE first nations as free people= not able to
ASSIMILATE.
Manifest Destiny: was the 19th century American belief that the United States (often in the ethnically
specific form of the "Anglo-Saxon race") was destined to expand across the North American continent,
from the Atlantic Seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war
with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century. The
virtue of the American people and their institutions; the mission to spread these institutions,
thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the U.S.; and the destiny under God
to accomplish this work.
Expansionist doctrine impact on development of American society:
Efforts of social reform: Trying to get rid of drinking. Setting a higher work standard.
What roles do the religious revivals of the 1820’s play in this development?:
What ways do historians understand the impact of religious revivals?:
Impact of immigration in mid-19th century: Immigration of Irish coming to America after the potato
famine. Bringing the Catholic religious views to America. Until about 1845, the Roman Catholic
population of the United States was a small minority of mostly English Catholics, who were often quite
socially accomplished. But when several years of devastating potato famine led millions of Irish Catholics
to flee to the United States in the mid 1840s. the Catholic population in the United States suddenly
transformed from a tight-knit group of landowning, educated aristocrats into an incredibly diverse mass of
urban and rural immigrants who came from many different countries, spoke different languages, held
different social statuses, and emphasized different parts of their Catholic heritage.
Political and social changes:
Changing roles of women: effect all women the same? Women started getting pulled out of their
homes to work in textile mills. Women getting paychecks and a little independence even though working
conditions were so terrible.
What ways did American perception of class and gender develop?
Similar attitudes in today’s America? What ways?