Download Chapter 22

Chapter 22











The southern economy and social structure collapsed as a result of the Civil War.
o Banks and businesses were ruined by inflation.
o Lack of effective transportation and factory systems.
Lack of slaves crushed agriculture.
o Livestock was minimal due to scavenging throughout the war.
o Took 5 years for a large cotton crop to yield after the war.
Collapse of planter aristocrats.
o Humbled by poverty and worthless land.
o $2 billion investment in slaves gone with emancipation.
“Freedom” for blacks
o Responses to emancipation:
o Loyalty to plantation master prompted some slaves to resist the liberating Union armies.
o Violence on day of liberation by Union armies.
o Joining Union troops in pillaging.
New names, Mr. and Mrs.
Abandonment of cotton clothing for silk and satin.
Many left just because they could or to find loved ones.
o Emancipation strengthened the black family units.
o Formalized marriages.
o Sought existing black communities for protection and mutual assistance.
Exodusters = 1878-1880 25,000 from LA, TX, and MS poured in to Kansas.
Black Church formed the bed rock of the black community.
o Baptist grew from $150,000 to $ 500,000 in 20 years.
o Methodist grew from by 300,000 in 10 years.
o Gave rise to benevolent organizations and mutual aid societies.
Education- demand was high and there were not enough black teachers.
o Helped by northern, white women who were former abolitionists.
o 200,000 learned to read.
Freedmen’s Bureau
o Primitive welfare agency that provided food, clothing, medical care, and education.
 Included both former slaves and white refugees.
o Led by former Union General Oliver Howard.
o President Johnson tried to end the program for many years.
 He vetoed the continuance of the program.
o The program expired in 1872.

Andrew Johnson
o Championed poor whites over the planter aristocracy.
o Running mate of Lincoln because he was a Democrat and Southern.
o Favored states’ rights.
o Did not understand the North, was distrusted by the South, a Democrat who was not accepted
by the Republicans, a president who was never elected.
o Wrong man in the wrong place at the wrong time.

Civil Rights Bill
o 1866, passed in retaliation of Johnson vetoing the Freedmen’s Bureau renewal.
o Offered black citizenship and tried to offset the Black Codes.
o Vetoed by Johnson.
 Overturned by Congress with a 2/3rd’s majority vote.
o Turned into the Fourteenth Amendment.
 Passed just in case Southerners someday won back control of Congress and repealed
the bill.
 The amendment did the following:
 Granted civil rights to blacks.
 Citizenship for blacks.
 Former Confederate officers could not hold office.
 Denied Confederate debts.
 Would not allow Southern states to come back in to the Union without
ratification of the amendment.
 President Johnson advised the southern states to reject the amendment.

Fifteenth Amendment
o Gave black men the right to vote.
o Angered white women. They felt they too deserved basic civil rights.

KKK- “Invisible Empire of the South”
o Founded in TN in 1866.
o Members wanted to keep black men from voting by using means of terror and intimidation.
o End results turned to flogging, mutilation, and murder (lynching).
Force Acts passed in response to KKK.
o Banned Klan membership
o Prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting.
o Gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.







Black Codes were designed to regulate the affairs of blacks.
o Varied in severity from state to state.
 MS was the harshest, GA the most lenient.
o Aimed to ensure a subservient labor force.
o Blacks could not serve on a jury, punished or fined for not working, etc.
o Gateway to sharecropping.
Sharecropping- black and white farmers rented land and homes from a plantation owner in exchange for
a certain “share” of each year’s crop.
o Land owners manipulated the system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave.
Lincoln’s 10% Plan:
o 10% of a state’s prewar voters took loyalty oath, which led to setting up a new state government.
o Seen as too lenient by members of his own party.
o Lincoln wanted to make the process of unification uncomplicated and quick.
o Led to Wade-Davis Bill.
Wade-Davis Bill:
o 50% of a state’s prewar voters took loyalty oath.
o Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.
 Pocket veto =The indirect veto of a bill received by the President within ten days of
the adjournment of Congress, effected by retaining the bill unsigned.
o Revealed factions in the Republican Party and Congress: split in to moderate and radical.
 Moderates tended to side with Lincoln.
Congressional Reconstruction: moderate and radical.
o Radicals feared restoration of the planter aristocracy just like Johnson.
o Radicals also wanted to make the South pay for the sins of the war.
o Radicals demanded citizenship and even suffrage.
o Radicals were against rapid restoration of the Southern states.
 Wanted to apply federal power to bring about drastic social and economic
transformation before letting the states back in.
o Moderates did not like the federal government involved directly in individual’s lives.
Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner: radical Republicans.
o Labored for black equality.
o Favored land redistribution.
o Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction:
o He went with Lincoln’s 10% idea which divided him with Congress.
o Didn’t want the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments.
o Wished for the states to handle the issues of social integration of blacks.

Impeachment:
o Tenure of Office Act- Senate approval for Cabinet members being hired and fired.
 Johnson fired Edwin Stanton without Senate approval.
 Johnson was acquitted by one vote.
 Angered radical Republicans most.

Alaska was sold by Russia to the U.S. for $7.2 million.
o Deal made by Secretary of State, William Seward.
o Many Americans were against the purchase at first.
 “Seward’s Folly”, “Icebox”
 Americans were too focused on Reconstruction and the economy. They
favored saving money and not acquiring land.