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Susannah Karron Assurance of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States Against the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons Guatemala Guatemala strongly believes in a non-nuclear weapon state, and has sought assurance of non-nuclear weapons for many years. In the Treaty of Tlatelolco, which opened for signature on February 14, 1967 and entered into force on October 23, 2002, Protocol II, a negative security assurance, was signed into action. The assurance was ratified by China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. As a result, Guatemala was declared a country in the nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ). In 2011, Guatemala was the head of a draft General Assembly resolution, calling for all states to begin a multilateral negotiation and put an abrupt end to a nuclear weapons convention. On January 13, 2012, Guatemala ratified a proposed United Nations’ treaty banning nuclear weapon tests, known as the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban. Guatemala wishes to completely eradicate nuclear testing. Tibor Tóth, the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), and believes that ratifying this treaty near the ten year anniversary of the Treaty of Tlatelolco is a strong advancement for a nuclear weapon-free world. In 2013, at the Second Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Guatemala signed a joint statement illustrating concerns that the use of nuclear weapons has catastrophic humanitarian consequences.