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EUROPE FACES
REVOLUTIONS
Chapter 24
Section 2
INTRODUCTION
• At the same time as the
revolutions in Latin America,
Europe was also undergoing
changes.
• The Congress of Vienna had
tried to restore the old
monarchies and territorial
divisions that had existed prior to
the F.R.
• At an international level this
was a success.
• However, within countries the
effort failed.
• Europe was plagued by
revolutions between 1815-1848.
CLASH OF PHILOSOPHIES
Three schools of thought spread through
Europe in the early 1800s.
Each believed its style of government would
best serve the people.
Each attracted a different set of followers.
• Conservative
• Liberal
• Radical
CONSERVATIVE
• Usually wealthy property owners.
• Argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of
Europe.
• Today, what political party do we associate with
conservative beliefs?
• Do conservatives today want a lot of government
involvement?
LIBERAL
• Mostly middle-class business leaders and
merchants.
• They wanted to give more power to elected
parliaments.
• Only wanted the educated and landowners to vote.
• What political party do we associate with liberals
today?
RADICAL
• Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people.
• They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the
French Revolution.
• Liberty
• Equality
• Brotherhood
NATIONALISM DEVELOPS
• Nationalism –
belief that
people’s greatest
loyalty should not
be to a king or an
empire but to a
nation of people
who share a
common culture
and history.
NATION-STATE
• Had its own independent government.
• Defends the nation’s territory and way of
life.
• Represents the nation to the rest of the
world.
• 1815 – only France, England and Spain
were nation-states.
BELIEVERS IN NATIONALISM
• Liberals and Radicals were
the main believers in
nationalism.
• Liberal middle class –
teachers, lawyers &
business people – led the
struggle for constitutional
government and the
formation of nation-states.
BONDS THAT CREATE A NATIONSTATE
TURN TO PAGE 689 IN YOUR
TEXT
• Look at the positive and Negative results of Nationalism
• On the back of your note-taker answer the following question:
1. Do you think nationalism has had more of a positive or negative
impact on the world? Support your opinion with evidence.
NATIONALISTS CHALLENGE
CONSERVATIVE POWER
• Greeks – first to win selfrule.
• Greece had been part of
the Ottoman Empire.
• Ottomans controlled most
of the Balkans.
• Present day Greece,
Albania, Bulgaria,
Romania, Turkey and
the former Yugoslavia.
• Greeks had kept their
history and culture alive.
• Demanded independence
and rebelled against the
Ottoman Turks in 1821.
THE BALKANS
GREEKS GAIN INDEPENDENCE
• Powerful European governments opposed
revolution.
• However, the cause of Greek
independence was popular with people.
• Educated Europeans and Americans
loved and respected Greek culture.
• As popular support grewBritain, France
and Russia took Greece’s side and
destroyed an Ottoman fleet in 1827.
• They signed a treaty guaranteeing
Greece’s freedom.
1830S UPRISINGS
The old order, arranged at the Congress of Vienna is
breaking down
• In 1830, the Belgians declared their independence from the
Dutch.
• In Italy, nationalists were working to unite many small separate
states.
• Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy.
• Poles in Russia stage a revolt in Warsaw .
1848 REVOLUTIONS CONTINUE
BUT FAIL TO UNITE
• In Vienna an unruly mob clash with the police.
• Metternich resigns amid uprisings in Austria.
• By 1849, revolutionary failures lead many to turn again towards
more conservative philosophies and governments.
RADICALS CHANGE FRANCE
• Radicals participated in many of
the 1848 revolts.
• Only in France was the radical
demand for democratic
government the main goal of the
revolution.
THE THIRD REPUBLIC
• 1848 - Louis Philippe, ruler of France,
fell from popular favor.
• Paris mob overturned the monarchy &
established a republic.
• Fell apart almost immediately-people
were weary of the violence.
• A more moderate Constitution was
adopted.
• Called for a parliament and a strong
president.
FRANCE ACCEPTS A STRONG
RULER
• 1848 - Louis-Napoleon – nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte – won the presidential
election.
• Four years later, he took the title Emperor
Napoleon III.
• Accepted without complaint.
• Weary of instability.
• Wanted a strong ruler.
FRANCE PROSPERS
• Napoleon III built railroads,
encouraged industrialization, and
promoted an ambitious program of
public works.
• Due to his policies, unemployment
decreased and the country
prospered.
REFORM IN RUSSIA
• Russia was not very industrialized yet.
• Serfs still bound to land, under the
feudal system.
• Czars were afraid to free the serfs
because it would anger the landowners.
DEFEAT BRINGS CHANGE
• Czar Nicholas I threatened to take over part
of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean
War.
• However, Russia’s industries and
transportation system failed to provide
adequate supplies for the troops.
• Russia lost the war.
• Alexander II, Nicholas’ son, decided to move
Russia toward modernization and social
change.
• He believed his reforms would allow Russia to
compete with western Europe for world
power.
REFORM AND REACTION
• Alexander’s reforms
• Freeing the serfs – bold move
• Peasant communities received about ½
the farmland in the country.
• Had 49 years to repay the government.
• Alexander was assassinated by
terrorists in 1881.
• Alexander III continued to
encourage industrialism.
• Nationalism helped drive Russia
toward industrial expansion.