Download Lab Topic 28 Investigating Circulatory Systems General

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Lab Topic 28
Investigating Circulatory Systems
General
What are the parts that any circulatory system must include?
What are the functions of circulatory systems in vertebrate animals? How is circulation
important in gas exchange, nutrient uptake, waste disposal, and body defense?
What is the functional importance of capillaries, and what structural features are important to
that function?
What regulates blood flow in a capillary bed?
Invertebrate Circulatory System
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Do crayfish, like that illustrated here, have an open or closed circulatory system? What
other animals have a circulatory system of this type?
What is the circulatory fluid in this animal called? Why isn't it just called blood?
Where would you find the heart in this animal?
Where do you find an ostium (Latin for door; plural is ostia) in the crayfish and what is
its functional importance?
How does hemolymph return to the crayfish heart?
Diagram how a crayfish circulatory system works.
Do crayfish have arteries? What is their function? Do crayfish have veins?
Mammalian Circulatory
System
The Heart and Its Vessels
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Name the 4 chambers
of the heart and
describe what they do.
Where are the aorta
and vena cavae, and
what is the function ofe
each?
What is the main
difference between the
atrial and ventricular
chambers?
What is ths function of
the carotid arteries?
Is this a ventral or
dorsal view of the
heart? How can you
tell?
Which chamber of the
heart is the strongest
and why? Where is it
in this picture
Vessels Cranial to the Heart
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Point out the right and
left atria, and the right
and left ventricles.
Point out a coronary
artery. Is the blood in this
vessel oxygen rich or
oxygen poor? Why does
heart muscle need a
blood supply, when all
the blood in the body
passes through the heart
every minute or so?
Where does the blood
flow immediately after
leaving the pulmonary
artery? Is this blood
oxygen rich or oxygen
poor?
Where would you find
the pericardial
membrane?
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Name and point out
the vessel that brings
blood to the right
atrium
Name the four valves
that control blood
flow in the heart, and
for each, list the
chamber or blood
vessel on the
upstream side and the
downstream side.
When this chamber
contracts, will this
valve close or open?
In this model, where
is the aorta? The
pulmonary artery?
What is the function
of each?
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The internal and external
jugular veins connect which
body regions to the heart?
Do the jugular veins carry
blood to or from the heart?
Vessels Caudal to the Heart
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Identify these blood vessels and indicate where
each carry blood.
Locate the jugular vein and carotid artery.
What is the function of each?
Which has the higher blood pressure? Why?
This image has the liver,
stomach, pancreas, and
intestine removed.
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What remaining
organs can you
identify?
Point out a spinal
nerve. An
intercostal (=
between the ribs)
artery
Name and
identify the large
vein and large
artery that run
caudal to the
heart.
What is the
largest vein in a
fetal pig and
why?
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What are the paired
This illustration shows a fetal pig's
organs in this illustration? left hind leg with the femoral
What is their function?
artery exposed.
What are the blood
vessels that bring blood
 What would be the name
to and away from these
of the corresponding artery
organs? Why do such
that supplies blood to the
small organs have such a
foreleg of this pig?
large blood supply?
What are the whitish
tubes running posterior
from the middle of each
kidney? What is their
function? Where do they
go after leaving the
kidneys?
Where would you look
for the adrenal glands in
this picture?
Internal Heart Structure
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Longitudinal section of
heart
Cross section of the heart
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Can you
identify the
chambers of the
left and right
ventricle? Left
and right
atrium?
Point out the
tricuspid valve.
The bicuspid
valve.
Where does the
blood leave the
left ventrical?
Where are the
chordae
tendinae, and
what is their
function
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Point out the left
ventricle and the right
ventricle. How can you
tell the two apart in
this section?
Why does the left
ventricle have thicker
walls than the right
ventricle? Is there any
difference in the
amount of blood that
each pumps?
What is the ventricular
muscle doing during
systole? During
diastole?
Heart model
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What are the structures near the
top of each ventricle that are
colored white in this model?
What is their function and how
do they work?
What is the large blue vessel
near the top of the heart in th
center, and what is its function?
What is the smaller blue vessel
running down the middle of the
heart, and what is its function?
Which of the four chambers
has the most pumping power?
Which has the second most
pumping power? What
anatomical details support your
answer?
Blood vessel histological structure and function
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Cross-sections of artery and vein
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How do arteries and veins differ in structure and function? Which contain blood under
higher pressure? Which have relatively thicker layers of muscle in their walls?
Where in these sections is the endothelium? The muscle layers? The blood cells?
How many cell layers thick are the walls of a capillary?
Can you think of a reason why arteries have heavy muscle and connective tissue layers
and veins have thin layers?
What prevents blood in veins from flowing backward? Why do veins have valves that
prevent backflow, but arteries do not?
If blood vessels did not have endothelial cells what would happen?
Artery Wall
Vein Wall
What are the lightly stained cells inside the artery and vein sections? What kind of muscle is in
the walls of these vessels?
Blood
Mammalian blood smear, stained with Wright's
stain
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Mammalian blood smear
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What types of cells are visible in
this image? Point out an
erythrocyte and a leucocyte.
How many nuclei do the red
blood cells of this species have?
Does human blood contain more
red blood cells or white blood
cells per unit volume?
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What are the functions of the white blood
cells?
What is the function of red blood cells? Why
are they red?
The most common leukoycytes are ____
which are instrumental in consuming cell
debris and bacteria and ________ which are
important to the immune response.
Platelets represent another cellular element,
or at least a cell fragment in blood. In this
slide platelets are visible as small purple dots.
Locate one. What is the function of platelets?
General and Comparative Questions
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As animals get bigger and more complex, why is a circulatory system needed to maintain
homeostasis?
What functions does a circulatory system perform?
Describe the differences between open and closed circulatory systems.
Compare the heart pumping systems of arthropods, annelids, and vertebrates.
Trace a red blood cell from the time it leaves the lungs to the time it arrives in the carotid
artery.
Trace a red blood cell from the time it leaves the liver to the time it enters the capillaries
of the lungs.
Trace a molecule of oxygen from the time it enters the nostril to the time it leaves the
body as oxygen in a water molecule voided in the urine.
What is the definition of artery and vein? In which is blood normally best oxygenated?
Are there any arteries that routinely carry poorly oxygenated blood? Any veins that
routinely carry well-oxygenated blood?
Where is the spleen and what does it do? Why is it dangerous to have a ruptured spleen?
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If you played a contact sport, why would the spleen be an easy organ to damage?
Credits
Images and layout provided by Warren D. Dolphin and Linda M. Westgate