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Transcript
CHAPTER ELEVEN: WATER
Section One: Water Resources

The Water Cycle
Section One: Water Resources

Global Water Distribution
 71%
of Earth’s surface is covered in water, but only 3%
of that is freshwater
 And 77% of that freshwater is frozen in glaciers and
the polar ice caps

Surface Water
 Surface
Water: freshwater on Earth’s land surface
 River Systems and Watersheds
Section One: Water Resources

River Systems
 River
system: a flowing network of water moving across
land
 Water comes from melting snow and rain

Watersheds
 Watersheds:
the area of land that is drained by a river
Section One: Water Resources

Groundwater
 Groundwater:
water beneath the Earth’s surface in
sediment and rock formations
 Water
table: the area where rocks and soil are saturated
with water
 Aquifers: the underground formation that contains
groundwater
 Porosity: the percentage of the total volume of a rock that
has spaces or pores
 Permeability: the ability of rock or soil to allow water to
flow through it
Section One: Water Resources
Section One: Water Resources

Groundwater
 The
Recharge Zone
 An
area of the earth’s surface from which water percolates (
or penetrates) down into an aquifer
 Pollution can enter the water system through the recharge
zone
 Wells
 Where
a hole is dug or drilled to reach groundwater
 If the water table falls, the well will dry up
Section Two: Water Use and
Management

Residential Water Use
Section Two: Water Use and
Management

Residential Water Use
 Water
 Most
treatment
water must be treated to be potable, or safe to drink
 Treatment removes elements which can be poisonous to
humans
 Also removes pathogens, which are organisms that cause
illness or disease
Section Two: Water Use and
Management

Industrial Water Use and Agricultural Use
 Industry
 Uses
19%
 Most used to cool power plants
 Agriculture
 Uses
67%
 Irrigation is the main usage
Section Two: Water Use and
Management

Water Management Projects
 Water
Diversion Projects
 Supplies
 Dams
water to dry regions by building canals
and Reservoirs
 Dam:
a structure built across a river to control the river’s flow
 Reservoir: an artificial lake formed by a dam
Section Two: Water Use and
Management

Water Conservation
 In
Agricuture
 Drip
 In
irrigation systems
Industry
 Recycling
 At
and cooling of wastewater
Home
 Water

saving technology
Ex. Low flow toilets and shower heads
 Water
lawns at night
Section Two: Water Use and
Management

Solutions for the Future
 Desalination
 The
process of removing salt from salt water
 Transporting
water
Section Three: Water Pollution

Water Pollution
 Water
Pollution: the introduction of chemical, physical,
or biological agents into water that degrade water
quality and adversely affect the organisms that
depend on the water
 Point


Source Pollution
Pollution discharged from a single source
Example: leaking septic tanks
 Nonpoint


Source Pollution
Comes from many different sources that are often difficult to
identify
Example: oil and gasoline from boats
Section Three: Water Pollution

Wastewater
 Water
that contains waste from homes or industries
 Treated to make it clean enough to return to the rivers
and lake
 Sewage sludge: the solid material that remains after
wastewater treatment
 Usually
burned and then buried
Section Three: Water Pollution

Artificial Eutrophication
 Eutrophication
 Inorganic
caused by humans
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus enter the
water through sewage and runoff
 Can come from farms, homes through detergents
 Causes algal blooms
Section Three: Water Pollution

Thermal Pollution
 The
temperature of a body of water increases
 Can be caused by power plants using the water in their
cooling systems and discharge warm water
 Causes huge fish kills
 Decreases oxygen levels in the water
Section Three: Water Pollution

Groundwater Pollution
When pollutants go
down into the earth and
contaminate the water
under the ground
 Caused by pesitcides,
herbicides, chemical
fertilizers, and petroleum
products
 Leaking underground
tanks

Section Three: Water Pollution

Ocean Pollution
 Ships
can legally dump wastewater and garbage in
some parts of the ocean
 Most pollutants come from activities on land
 Oil spills
Section Three: Water Pollution

Water Pollution and
Ecosystems
 Causes
immediate
damage and gradual
damage
 Biomagnification
 Buildup
of pollutants at
higher levels of the
food chain
Section Three: Water Pollution

Cleaning Up Water Pollution
 Clean
Water Act of 1972
 Cuyahoga
 Marine
River Fire
Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of
1972
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990