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Laser particle acceleration ` IZEST Spring Meeting Ecole Polytechnique April 4, 2017 Toshiki Tajima Norman Rostoker Chair Professor, UC Irvine Deputy Director, IZEST Acknowledgements: G. Mourou, J. A. Wheeler, X. M. Zhang, D. Farinella, , K. Nakajima, F. Dollar, T. Nguyen, S. Mironov, Y.M. Shin, M. Zhou, X. Q. Yan, P. Taborek, D. Niculae, R. Aleskan, F. Zimmerman, B. Holzer, M. Spiro, V. Zamfir, A. Lankfield, S. Gales, A. Caldwell, A. Suzuki, R. X. Li abstract Two new technologies (coherent amplification network (CAN), thin film compression (TFC)) and 4 new innovations / applications (Laser-driven collider, γ-γ collider, SCLA proton acceleration, X-ray LWFA) 1. wakefield, relativistic coherence, and Tsunami 2. Laser-driven collider: 100 GeV over 1m, unit cells, stackup toward TeV based on CAN laser 3. Toward high reprate and high efficiency fiber laser (CAN) 4. γ-γ collider 5. Single-cycled laser and further coherency by TFCの 6. Compact ion acceleration (short-lived isotope generation, ADS) 7. “TeV on a chip” (X-ray LWFA) Laser Wakefield (LWFA): Wake phase velocity >> water movement speed maintains coherent and smooth structure Tsunami phase velocity becomes ~0, causes wavebreak and turbulence vs Strong beam (of laser / particles) drives plasma waves to saturation amplitude: E = mωvph /e Wave breaks at v<c No wave breaks and wake peaks at v≈c ← relativity regularizes (relativistic coherence) Relativistic coherence enhances beyond the Tajima-Dawson field E = mωpc /e (~ GeV/cm) Wakefields and Higgs Laundau-Ginzburg potential BCS Nambu Higgs vacuum Landau damping: decay of excited waves to equilibrium (left picture) Wakefield: no damping; distinct excited stable state no particles to resonate (@ c) = plasma’s elevated Higgs state |0> vs. |H> thermo-equilibrium wakefield state ( cf . |H> |0>) tsunami onshore LWFA Collider and CAN laser 70th Birthday Theory of wakefield toward extreme energy æ æ n cr DE » 2m0c2 a02g 2ph= 2m0c2 a02 æ æn æ æ, æ eæ 7 Electron energy (MeV) 10 6 10 1 TeV 5 10 4 10 3 10 ←theoretical 1 GeV 2 10 In order to avoid wavebreak, a0 < γph1/2 , where γph = (ncr / ne )1/2 ←experimental 1 10 0 10 17 10 18 10 20 19 10 10 ncr =1021 ne = 1016 -3 Plasma density (cm ) ncr Ld a , ne 2 2 p 0 dephasing length (when 1D theory applies) ncr 1 Lp p a0 , 3 ne pump depletion length 1 TeV Energy gain VS Plasma density 1000 GeV 100 ne=1.2x1016 cm-3, ne=3x1015 cm-3, Lacc=245m 100 GeV Lacc=12m IZEST 100 GeV Ascent Collaboration: Design by Prof. Nakajima 40GeV 10 1 PETAL design 4.2 GeV BELLA-LBNL TEXAS CoReLS-IBS SIOM LBNL SIOM LLNL CAEP MPQ 0.1 1019 RAL LLNL 1018 3D PIC simulation Experimental data 7x1017 cm-3 Energy gain ne=3x1016 cm-3, Lacc=5m Plasma density 1017 1016 1015 cm-3 Nakajima, 2016 Areas of improvement in LA performance for various applications (from Darmstadt JTF workshop, 2010; also in Final Report of JTF: W. Leemans, W. Chou, M. Uesaka) Energy DE/E e Charge Bunch duration Avg. power THz X-rays (betatron) FEL (XUV) Gammarays FEL (X-rays) Collider ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓: OK as is : increase needed : decrease needed 9 Need to Phase 32 J/1mJ/fiber~ 3x104 Phased Fibers! Mourou, Brocklesby, Tajima, Limpert, Nature Photnics (2013) Electron/positron beam Transport fibers ~70cm Length of a fiber ~2m Total fiber length~ 5 104km J. Bourderionnet, A. Brignon (Thales), C. Bellanger, J. Primot (ONERA) Coherent Fiber Combining Phase processing and feedback loop 1×2 splitters 1W PM EDFAs fiber array 2:1image relay 1W PM EDFA QWLSI polar. controller Laser diode 1.55µm lenslet array laser output 1×16 splitters 16 × 4-channels PLZT phase modulators far-field observation Achievement 2011 64 phase-locked fibers γ-γ collider and CAN laser 70th Birthday γ-γ collider and XCAN fiber laser One option of FCC of CERN: γ-γ collider lasers that backscatter off electrons CAN fiber laser (high rep-rate, high fluence, high efficiency) R. Aleksan, et al. (2015) Thin Film Compression and ion accelerator 70th Birthday Tajima, EPJ 223 ( 2014) Single-cycle laser (new Thin Film Compression) Laser power = energy / pulse lnegth 1PW Optical nonlinearity of thin film pulse frequency width bulge, pulse compression 10PW G. Mourou, et al. Eur. Phys. J. (2014) C M W TF C G M G M UCI TFC Chirped Mirror: CM Gold Mirror: GM Wedge: W TFC Target (Fused Silica): TFC W C M Thin Film Compression (TFC) into a Single-Cycled Laser Pulse Mourou et al. (2014) Even,isolated zeptosecond X-ray laser pulse possible (simulation by N. Naumova, et al., 2014) 1zs 1PW optical laser 10PW single osc. Optical laser EW single osc. X-ray laser Consistent with “Intensity-pulse-width Conjecture” (Mourou-Tajima, Science 331 (2011)) Petawatt laser / secondary rays vs SR, XFEL, and SCXL Brilliance of our Single Cycled X-ray Laser (SCXL) THz Infrared Visible UV EUV Soft X-Ray Hard X-Ray Gama Ray 40 10 1036 Optical laser 10PW (1022 W/cm 2) (Phs/sec/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW) Peak Brilliance 1PW (1021 W/cm 2) 0.1PW (1020 W/cm 2) 1032 Solid HHG S-HHG OPA 1028 Gas HHG THz 1024 Betatron Laser THz source 1020 3rd G Synchrotron Laser Gamma-ray 1016 1012 Sun 8 10 1meV 10meV 100meV 1eV 10eV 100eV 1keV 10keV 100keV 1MeV 10MeV 100MeV Photon Energy SCXL added to T.J. Wang / R. X. Li (2016): see M3.1 Single-Cycled Laser Acceleration (SCLA) more coherent acceleration under same laser energy: more energies proportional to a0 Domain map of various ion accelerations in a0 and σ Zhou et al. PoP (2016) X-ray LWFA in Nanostructure 70th Birthday Tajima, EPJ 223 ( 2014) Porous Nanomaterial: rastering possible Nano holes: reduce the stopping power keep strong wakefields Marriage of nanotech and high field science Spatia (nm), time(as-zs), density 1024 /cc), photon (keV) scales: Transverse and longitudinal structure of nanotubes: act as e.g., accelerator structure (the structure intact in time of ionization, material breakdown times fs > x-ray pulse time zs-as) Porous alimina on Si substrate Nanotech. 15, 833 (2004); P. Taborek (UCI): porous alumina (2007) UCI/Fermilab efforts on nanostructure wakefield acceleration 70th Birthday X-ray wakefield acceleration in nanomaterials tubes T. Tajima, EPJ (2014) X-ray laser with short length and small spot: NB: electrons in outers-shell bound states, too, interact with X-rays X.M. Zhang, et al. (2016) Simulation: Laser pulse with small spot can be well controlled and guided with a tube. Such structure available e.g. with carbon nanotube, or alumina nanotubes (typical simulation parameters) 1nm, a0 4, L 5nm, L 3nm / c ntube 5 1024 / cm 3 , tube 2.5nm Wakefield comparison between the cases of a tube and a uniform density tube case uniform density case X. M. Zhang, et al. PR AB (2016) Wakefields and the tube geometry X. M. Zhang (2016) conclusions • Laser wakefield accelerators with CAN a collider • Fiber laser revolution: High reprate, high efficiency---collab with CERN---γγ collider • Further innovation in laser with TFC : single-cycled laser’s promise—New technological window • Efficient proton acceleration: isotope production, ADS • Single-cycled X-ray laser -- “TeV on a chip” Merci beaucoup! (Y.Shin)