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Human Anatomy Major Systems • • • • • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Nervous Respiratory Circulatory • • • • Excretory Endocrine Reproductive Immune / Lymphatic INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • Skin= main organ of system • Composed of 4 types of tissue: 1. epithelial – outer layer, covers surfaces 2. connective - functions as a “glue” and holds body together 3. muscle - interacts with hair to respond to stimuli (ex: cold, fright) 4. nervous - detects external stimuli (ex: pain, pressure) Integumentary layers epidermis 2 layers: epidermis & dermis dermis Hair follicle Sweat gland Fatty tissue Oil gland nerve Epidermis Outer layer contains dead cells that contain protein called keratin Helps protect living cell layers from bacteria, heat, chemicals, etc. Epidermis Inner layer contains living cells that divide to replace dead cells Some contain melanin…colors skin Epidermis • Every 4 weeks, all epidermal cells are replaced by new cells • Epidermal ridges are important for gripping…increase friction Functions of skin 1. Maintain homeostasis… regulates body temp by blood vessels dilating or constricting 2. Sense organ… nerve cells relay info about pain, pressure, temp, etc to the brain Functions of skin 3. Skin cells produce Vitamin D when exposed to UV light…helps absorb calcium into bloodstream 4. Protective layer Skin… it’s a big business The cost of today’s proverbial fountain of youth… a whopping $12 billion. This is just the beginning of a long-term trend. Americans are expected to spend $60 billion on 70 million cosmetic procedures from 2005 to 2010. Skin… it’s a big business About $25 billion was spent on facial care products. The primary buyers, women aged 35 to 65. This is one of the fastest growing demographics. Between 1990 and 2006 it grew by 30%. More importantly, this trend will continue as Baby Boomers get older. 1. Skull 13. Carpals 2. Maxilla 14. Metacarpals 3. Mandible 15. Phalanges 4. Cervical vertebra 16. Femur 5. Clavicle 6. Humerus 7. Sternum 8. Ribs 9. Radius 10. Ulna 11. Pelvis 12. Coccyx 17. Patella 18. Fibula 19. Tibia 20. Tarsals 21. Metatarsals 22. Phalanges 1. Skull 2. Cervical Vertebrae (7) 3. Thoracic Vertebrae (12) 4. Lumbar Vertebrae (5) 5. Sacrum 6. Coccyx SKELETAL SYSTEM •206 bones •2 main parts Appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton SKELETAL SYSTEM •206 bones •2 main parts Joints Where 2 bones meet. Facilitate mvmt of bones. Bone to bone held together by ligaments. In moveable joints, ends of bones covered by cartilage…allows for smooth mvmt. Some joints (shoulder, knee) have bursae…fluid-filled sacs that decrease friction. Tendons attach muscles to bones. Compact vs. Spongy bone • Compact: -running the length = tubular structures called osteon or Haversian systems -living cells called osteocytes receive oxygen & nutrients from blood vessels w/in osteon system spongy compact •Compact bone surrounds less dense bone known as spongy bone…contains holes Osteon systems Spongy bone Formation of bone • Vertebrate embryo skeleton = cartilage • By 9th week = bone replaces cartilage • Blood vessels stimulate cells to become potential bone cells called osteoblasts • These cells secrete protein called collagen • Calcium salts & other ions harden new bone cells now called osteocytes Bone growth • Growth in length = end of bones in cartilage plates • Growth in diameter = outer surface of bone • After growth stops = boneforming cells are involved in repair & maintenance of bone Functions of bone • • • • Provides framework Protects internal organs Provides attachment points for muscles Produce blood cells Probable Diagnosis??? • What is wrong with the patient? What is the injury? Fractured tibia, dislocation of the radius… I’m here to PUMP you up! Muscular system MUSCULAR SYSTEM Three types of muscle tissue Smooth Cardiac Skeletal Yea! Smooth muscle fiber Cardiac muscle fiber Skeletal muscle fiber Smooth muscle • Function = squeezes the space inside the tube or organ it surrounds in order to move material through it Example – inside of stomach and intestines Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle…not under conscious control This is NOT a muscle! Cardiac muscle • Makes up your heart • Function = Generates & conducts electrical impulses for heart beat. Cardiac muscle • Involuntary muscle Skeletal muscle • Attached to & moves bones • Most work in opposing pairs (biceps/triceps) Skeletal muscle • Made up of muscle fibers…fused muscle cells • Each fiber made up of units called myofibrils Skeletal muscle • Voluntary muscle…under conscious control Muscle strength & exercise • Muscle strength does NOT depend on the # of fibers in a muscle…but the thickness of the fibers and on how many of them contract at one time Muscle strength & exercise • Regular exercise stresses muscle fibers slightly…to compensate the fibers increase in diameter by adding myofibrils Masseter Zygomaticus Platysma Orbicularis oculi Epicranius frontalis Orbicularis oris Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius– only top part shown Pectoralis major Deltoid Brachioradialis Extensor digitorum Biceps brachii Triceps brachii External oblique Rectus abdominus Sartorius Quadriceps group Rectus Femoris Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis Gluteus medius Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius DIGESTIVE SYSTEM… you got the guts? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts? Functions = 1. break down food you eat into molecules so it can be used as ENERGY!!! DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts? 2. Absorbs the digested food & distributes it to your cells DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts? 3. Eliminates undigested materials from the body Mouth, Teeth, Tongue Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Stomach Pancreas Large intestine Appendix Anus Small intestine Rectum Your mouth… • 1st stop in digestion = mouth • Chewing = mechanical digestion, breaking down food into smaller pieces • Salivary glands in your mouth secrete saliva • Saliva contains digestive enzyme amylase, which breaks down starch into smaller molecules Swallowing your food •Food moves down esophagus (muscular tube connecting your mouth to stomach) by way of peristalsis Swallowing your food A flap of cartilage called epiglottis closes over the opening to the respiratory tract as you swallow…prevents food from entering Your stomach • Physical & chemical digestion • 3 layers of involuntary muscles located within the wall of stomach (smooth muscles) • They work to break down swallowed food & mix them with digestive juices • Inner lining of stomach contains glands that secrete gastric juice…contains pepsin & hydrochloric acid esophagus stomach small intestine Stomach to small intestine • Food stays in stomach for about 2-4 hours • When it leaves the stomach it’s like tomato soup!! Yuck!! • Peristaltic waves force liquid into small intestine Small intestine • Muscular tube about 6m long • Digestion of meal completed here • Further mechanical breakdown of food • Carbs & proteins undergo further chemical digestion • 1st 25cm = duodenum Pancreas & Liver • Pancreas = Soft, flattened gland that secretes digestive enzymes & hormones • Liver = produces bile…breaks down fats • Bile = made in the liver & stored in the gallbladder & then can pass into the duodenum Large intestine • Muscular tube a.k.a. the colon • Only 1.5m long but 6.5cm in diameter! • Appendix = extension off of large intestine & serves no function in digestion Elimination of wastes • 18-24 hours in large intestine • Remaining indigestible material…now called feces…reaches the rectum rectum anus Elimination of wastes • Feces eliminated from rectum through anus…THE END! Pathway of your food Mouth Throat Esophagus Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Pathway of your food NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurons – basic unit of NERVOUS SYSTEM • Neurons conduct impulses throughout the nervous system. Dendrite Nucleus Myelin sheath Axon Cell body Axon endings • Neuron = long cell that consists of 3 regions: 1) cell body 2)dendrites 3)axon • Dendrites = receives impulses and carries them toward the cell body • Axon = carries impulses away from the cell body and toward other neurons, muscles, or glands Neurons have 3 categories: Sensory neuron Interneuron Spinal cord Motor neuron Direction of impulse Muscle contracts Receptor in skin 1)sensory neurons carry impulses from the body to the spinal cord and brain 2) interneurons found w/in the brain & spinal cord 3) motor neurons carry the response impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland Relaying an impulse • The nervous system sorts and interprets incoming information before directing a response. The Central Nervous System Skull Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata 2 systems work together! Brain • The peripheral nervous system = all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system Spinal cord • Together, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) respond to stimuli from the external environment Anatomy of the brain Motor area Cerebrum Sensory area Speech area Language area Vision area Taste area General interpretation area Intellect, learning, and personality Balance area Hearing area Brain stem Cerebellum Anatomy of the brain • Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, & midbrain • Medulla oblongata = controls involuntary activities…breathing & heart rate • Pons & midbrain = pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other. Midbrain Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Respiratory System 2 kinds: external respiration = breathing internal respiration = cellular resp. Breathing – uses diaphragm, intercostal muscles, lungs Air exchange Pathway Job: exchange O2 & CO2 Pathway = nose/mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli Air exchange Pathway primary bronchus secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Alveoli enlarged bronchiole Terminal bronchiole alveoli Alveoli and gas exchange Capillary Alveolus Oxygen Oxygen moving moving from alveolus into blood from alveolus cell into blood cell Air in Alveolus Red blood Oxygen moving cells from alveolus Carbon into dioxide moving from blood cells to alveolus Thin capillary and alveoli walls allow for gas exchange The Breathing Process Air leaves Air enters Rib cage moves up & out Lungs expand Diaphragm moves down Process called Inhalation Ribcage moves down & in Lungs get smaller Diaphragm moves up Process called Exhalation Circulatory System (From Body) (To Body) cava (To lungs) (From lungs) (From Body) (To lungs) (From lungs) Blood vessels Arterioles & capillary Pathway of circulation heart veins arteries Venules & capillary venules arterioles capillaries Circulatory System - Blood Blood is tissue made of… 1.plasma (fluid) 2. Red Blood Cells – carry O2 to body cells - made in red bone marrow - live 120 days - hemoglobin - the O2 carrying molecule of blood Did someone say… Blooood? WBC platelets Blood White Blood Cells – protect against infection platelets (cell fragments) - aid blood clot after injury - form sticky web over wound w/ fibrin to stop bleeding Excretory system Excretory system Kidneys – filter blood and help maintain homeostasis A healthy kidney preparing for transplant Excretory system pathway of urine… kidney Vena cava Aorta Kidney Renal vein Renal artery ureter urinary bladder urethra Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Excretory system Nephron – filtering unit of kidney - millions - cleans nitrogenous wastes from blood - urea & ammonia - leave body as urine ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormones… I HATE hormones!! ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Internal control of the body is directed by 2 systems: 1) nervous system 2) endocrine system • Endocrine system - made up of a series of glands, called endocrine glands, that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream. Important Glands of the Body Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Ovary in female Testis in male Hypothalamus Interaction of the nervous system and endocrine system • Hypothalamus = portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems. Interaction of the nervous system and endocrine system • When a change in homeostasis is detected, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland • Pituitary gland - controlled by the hypothalamus, and the two are connected by nerves and blood vessels • In response to messages received by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases its own chemicals or stimulates other glands to release theirs Endocrine control of the body • Hormones = chemicals secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream • Convey information to other cells in your body, giving them instructions regarding your metabolism, growth, development, and behavior. Negative Feedback Control • Regulation of the endocrine system is controlled mostly by 1 type of internal feedback mechanism called a negative feedback system • Hormones, or their effects, are fed back to inhibit the original signal • Once homeostasis is reached, the signal is stopped and the hormone is no longer released Adrenal Hormones and Stress Adrenal glands • The adrenal glands play an important role in preparing your body for stressful situations. • These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and rate of respiration; increase efficiency of muscle contractions; and increase blood sugar levels. Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones • Thyroid gland - located in the neck, regulates metabolism, growth, and development. Thyroid gland