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Wake-up 1. What are restriction enzymes? 1. What is a vector? 1. Why is the same restriction enzyme used on the plasmid and gene of interest? Applications of Genetic Engineering Transgenic Organism An organism (animals, plants, and bacteria) that has been genetically altered. Example #1: Diabetes and Insulin (Medical) What is Insulin? Insulin (protein) helps glucose move from our bloodstream to our cells Glucose is from food that was consumed What produces insulin? Pancreas Type 1 Diabetes: The Pancreas does not produce insulin How does someone with Type 1 Diabetes get insulin? Diabetics need to test their blood sugar Diabetics need to take Insulin shots History of Insulin Production 1974 – Pancreas was removed from slaughtered animals and purified for human use History of Insulin Production (finish) 1978 – Gene that makes insulin in humans was inserted into E.coli (Bacteria) which produced synthetic human insulin Example #2: Gene Therapy Cystic Fibrosis: Recessive Disorder Cystic Fibrosis Disease that causes the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that: •Clogs the lungs and leads to lung infections • Obstructs the pancreas • Stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb A healthy gene for cystic fibrosis is inserted into a vector “vehicle” and then inhaled by an affected individual. * Example #3: Genetically Modified Food (GMO’s) What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)? An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques Why are Organisms Genetically Modified? Modified to be resistant to: •Pests •Disease •Cold •Drought •Salt Also an overall “better” quality Example #1 of GMO: Golden Rice Malnutrition is common in 3rd world countries; impoverished peoples rely on rice for the main staple of their diet. More than 10 million children die of malnutrition However, rice majority does notofcontain adequate every year. A vast these deaths is linked amounts of all necessary to prevent to micronutrient deficiencies.nutrients The deficiencies with the highest impact are in iron, zinc, iodine and malnutrition vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiencies can damage the immune system and decrease the body’s ability to resist or fight infections or can lead to partial to total blindness Golden rice was genetically engineered to contain beta carotene, which gives the rice its yellow color Beta carotene can provide Vitamin A to its consumers. * GMO Example #2: Tomato and Artic Flounder Video Clip Example #3: Glowing Organisms (purpose unclear) Which organisms naturally glow? Can we make other organisms glow using Genetic Engineering? Example #3: Glowing Organisms (purpose unclear) GMO Project 1. 2. 3. 4. List GMO Describe the GMO Explain how it is genetically modified Explain why it is genetically modified Create a PowerPoint about your GMO. Make sure to include pictures.