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Transcript
Chapter 1: Classifying Organisms Classification: a logical way of grouping into categories. Kingdom: the highest level of biological classification. Six Kingdoms: two for bacteria (Archaebacteria & Eubacteria) protists fungi plants animals Scientists study both the internal and external structures of living things; individual cells; chemical processes inside cells. The evidence suggests shared histories and common ancestors. Scientists group species according to how closely related they are. Dichotomous key: a tool used to identify organisms based on contrasting pairs of characteristics. Questions you could ask to classify: Single celled? Nucleus in cell? Makes its own food? Eats food? Bacteria: small, single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. There are more bacteria than any other organism. They live in soil, water, in rocks or ice, and inside other organisms. Bacteria are divided into (2) separate kingdoms: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria. Archaebacteria: ‘ancient bacteria;’ today they live under conditions that are deadly to other living things (ex. They can live where there is no oxygen). Eubacteria: cannot survive in extreme conditions; have only one cell; complex functions; variety of methods for obtaining food (ex. E. coli). Protist: the kingdom of single-celled or multicellular organisms that may have the characteristics of both animals and plants. They have a nucleus. There are over 60,000 known species. Algae is an example of a plant-like protist. Algae uses energy from the Sun to create their own food (photosynthesis). Fungus-like protists effect humans and animals. They attack vegetables, crops, animals (fins/mouths). Paramecium move using tiny, hair-like structures called cilia that cover most of its body. The cilia work to move the paramecium backwards and forwards. Protozoa: “first animals.” They are animal-like protists. They can NOT make their own food, so they take food from their surroundings. For movement, some slip & slide like jelly & some use whip-like tails or fine hair. They live where there is water, in moist soils, or inside other organisms. Diatom: single-celled protist. Fungi: the kingdom of organisms with a nucleus that gets nutrients by decomposing other organisms. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uJ8QeFRvJA (5:57 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9AQbkQgVeU (20:07 minutes) Lesson 2: How Are Plants Classified? All plants are multicellular. Almost all make their own food using the Sun’s energy. Plant are classified according to the ways they transport water and reproduce. Plants live and grow in different ways. Trees have tall, woody stems called trunks. Trees live for many years even in places with cold winters. Other plants are herbaceous, meaning they have soft stems. These plants often live for only one or two growing seasons. Scientists have classified over 300,000 plant species! All members of the Kingdom Plantae share certain characteristics. Plants are multicellular organisms that have tissues and organs. Their cells have cell walls. The cells have chloroplasts, the cell parts that use the Sun’s energy to make food. Some protists, such as algae, share characteristics with plants. However, unlike any protist, many members of the plant kingdom have developed an important ability. They can live in dry places, away from bodies of water. Like all living things, plants need water to survive. The way in which plants transport water is one of the characteristics that scientists use to divide plants into groups. Plant Kingdom: Many celled Have tissues and organs Have cell walls and chloroplasts Make their own food Nonvascular: lacking a water-transport system. (Examples: hornworts, mosses, liverworts) Hornworts: These plants absorb water much like a sponge soaks up a liquid. These plants do not have specialized tube-like tissues. Instead, water slowly passes directly from cell to cell. Because they lack tissues to transport water, nonvascular plants must live close to a water source. The lack of a transport system also prevents nonvascular plants from growing very tall. Many barely reach a few inches full-grown. Absorb water like sponges Live close to water source Do Not grow very tall Vascular: having a tube-like water-transport system. Examples: (Seed plants: gymnosperms, angiosperms) (Seedless plants: horsetails, ferns) These plants have tissues that act like tubes to transport water through the plant. These tube-like tissues transport water and nutrients taken up from soil through the plant’s roots. This means that vascular plants do not have to live close to a body of water. The vascular system provides support and allows plants to grow very tall. Over time, vascular plants developed ways of living in most climates (dry & wet). Tube-like tissues transport water & nutrients Do not have to live close to water source Grow very tall Ferns: a common type of vascular plant. Ferns have roots, stems, and leaves, each of which contain vascular tissue. Ferns DO NOT have seeds. To reproduce, seedless vascular plants make spores. A spore is like a seed, but holds only half the beginning of a complete new plant inside it. A fern’s spores will fall off, then germinate and produce a different plant that is either male or female. The male plant must fertilize a female plant to produce a new fern. Gymnosperm: a vascular plant that produces seeds, but does NOT produce flowers or fruits. The seeds rest in hard berries or on woody structures called cones. Seeds contain plant embryos-the beginning of a new plant. The seed provides protection and a source of food for the embryo. Seeds can also travel long distances, allowing plants to spread to new areas. Four Main Groups of Gymnosperms: Conifer, Cycad, Ginkgo, Gnetophyte Gymnosperm Life Cycle: Small cones produce male sex cells that are carried to the large cones in pollen. Large cones produce female sex cells. After fertilization, a seed coat develops around the plant embryo. The seed provides nourishment. The seed sprouts and grows into a young plant called a seedling. A mature tree will produce male and female cones. The life cycle will begin again. Angiosperm: a vascular plant that produces seeds from flowers. Some flowers, such as tulips, have both male and female organs within one flower. Other flowers, such as apple blossoms, may have either male or female sex organs. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms produce pollen. But angiosperms often are aided by animals in transferring pollen from one flower to another. For example, a bee hovering over a flower is helping the plant reproduce. Pollen attaches to the bee’s legs. When the bee visits a flower with female sex organs, the pollen falls off the bee’s legs and fertilizes the flower. Fruiting Plant Life Cycle: A seed sprouts and a new plant grows. The flower blooms and is pollinated. After the flower is fertilized, the petals start to fall away. The ovary grows, and becomes the fruit. The fruit matures, protecting the seeds inside. Cotyledons: leaf-like structures inside a seed. Angiosperms are classified according to how many cotyledons their seeds contain. Monocots: angiosperms that produce seeds with one cotyledon. Mature monocots have roots that are like a bundle of fibers. They also have narrow leaves with a parallel pattern on the leaf. Examples: corn & palm trees Dicots: angiosperms that produce seeds with two cotyledons. Mature dicots have a thick main root called a taproot from which other roots branch off. They have leaves with branching veins. Examples: peas & squash All flowering plants produce fruits, but not all fruits are edible. Plant Adaptations Adaptation: is any part or characteristic that helps a species survive or reproduce. Examples: Pine trees grow needles like leaves with waxy coating to help the tree keep water in, allowing pines to survive in cool, dry places. Cactus plants have thick stems that hold water and have a waxy coating to protect them from drying out allowing them to survive in hot, dry climates. Cactus spines are leaves adapted for protection. Many trees have broad leaves for maximum exposure to sunlight. Lesson 3: How Are Animals Classified? Animals take in food from their environment by eating. They break down and digest food for its energy. Animal Kingdom: Multi-cellular with specialized cells that form tissues and organs Require Oxygen to breathe Eat food from outside their bodies & digest it to get the nutrients they need Most move from place to place Reproduce sexually Invertebrates: an animal WITHOUT a backbone. Symmetry: matching form on opposite sides of a diving line. Vertebrates: an animal WITH a backbone. Humans belong to the animal kingdom. There are several characteristics that humans share with all animals. Animals can have some of the same characteristics as organisms from other kingdoms as well. Amphibians: a vertebrate with smooth, moist skin that begins its life in water but lives part of the time on land. Cnidarians: invertebrate with radial symmetry, a saclike body, a true mouth, and the ability to digest food. Examples: Jellyfish & coral Echinoderms Example: starfish, sea urchins, & sea cucumbers Sponges: very simple animals that lack tissues, organs, and true body symmetry. Arthropods: have jointed parts surrounded by a hard covering called an exoskeleton; bilateral symmetry. Examples: Lobsters, crabs, spiders, and insects Mollusks Examples: clams, oysters, snails, squids, and octopuses Worms: Examples: flatworm, roundworm, & earthworms Parasites: live and feed off the body of a host. Parasitism: the relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it in some way. Cold-blooded Vertebrates: Examples: reptiles, amphibians (frogs & toads), and most fish This doesn’t refer to the actual temperature of the blood but rather to how the body temperature is maintained. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on the temperature outside their bodies. For example, a garter snake will not move very fast in the Spring, but will move very quickly in the summer. In the Spring the temperature is lower and cools the snake’s body and slows down the movement. Fish: gills allow them to breathe in water. Remember, all animals need to breathe Oxygen, even animals that live in water. Amphibians: need to live near water but do not spend their entire lives in it. They need water to reproduce. They lay their eggs in a moist place. Reptiles: have a tough outer skin and most lay eggs. The dry, flexible, scaly skin provides them with a waterproof coating and helps them conserve water. They reproduce on land. Some are good at keeping their internal body temperatures steady. Warm-blooded Vertebrates: Examples: birds and mammals They maintain constant internal body temperatures. Their body cells produce enough heat to keep their bodies warm even when the temperature outside their bodies is very low. Birds: are the only group of animals with feathers. Their feathers and wings help them fly. Use beaks instead of teeth. Mammals: have the most complex organs & nervous system in the animal kingdom. Their brain is relatively large which allows them to perform complex behaviors. All mammals feed milk to their young. Most have teeth. They move to find food, to escape a predator, or many other reasons. Classification System: Kingdom (highest order of classification) Phylum (next highest level of classification) Class Order (the food a mammal eats helps determine its order) Family (share many characteristics) Genus (share even more characteristics) Species (most specific group; organisms of the same species are able to breed with one another) Pneumatic Device: King = Kingdom Phil = Phylum Came = Class Out = Order From = Family Grandma’s = Genus Store = Species