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Chapter 1: Classifying Organisms
Classification: a logical way of grouping into categories.
Kingdom: the highest level of biological classification.
Six Kingdoms:
 two for bacteria (Archaebacteria & Eubacteria)
 protists
 fungi
 plants
 animals
Scientists study both the internal and external structures of
living things; individual cells; chemical processes inside cells.
The evidence suggests shared histories and common ancestors.
Scientists group species according to how closely related they
are.
Dichotomous key: a tool used to identify organisms based on
contrasting pairs of characteristics.
Questions you could ask to classify:
 Single celled?
 Nucleus in cell?
 Makes its own food?
 Eats food?
Bacteria: small, single-celled organisms that do not have a
nucleus.
There are more bacteria than any other organism. They live in
soil, water, in rocks or ice, and inside other organisms.
Bacteria are divided into (2) separate kingdoms: Archaebacteria
& Eubacteria.
Archaebacteria: ‘ancient bacteria;’ today they live under
conditions that are deadly to other living things (ex. They can
live where there is no oxygen).
Eubacteria: cannot survive in extreme conditions; have only
one cell; complex functions; variety of methods for obtaining
food (ex. E. coli).
Protist: the kingdom of single-celled or multicellular organisms
that may have the characteristics of both animals and plants.
They have a nucleus.
There are over 60,000 known species.
Algae is an example of a plant-like protist. Algae uses energy
from the Sun to create their own food (photosynthesis).
Fungus-like protists effect humans and animals. They attack
vegetables, crops, animals (fins/mouths).
Paramecium move using tiny, hair-like structures called cilia
that cover most of its body. The cilia work to move the
paramecium backwards and forwards.
Protozoa: “first animals.” They are animal-like protists. They
can NOT make their own food, so they take food from their
surroundings. For movement, some slip & slide like jelly & some
use whip-like tails or fine hair. They live where there is water,
in moist soils, or inside other organisms.
Diatom: single-celled protist.
Fungi: the kingdom of organisms with a nucleus that gets
nutrients by decomposing other organisms.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uJ8QeFRvJA (5:57
minutes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9AQbkQgVeU (20:07
minutes)
Lesson 2: How Are Plants Classified?
All plants are multicellular. Almost all make their own food
using the Sun’s energy. Plant are classified according to the
ways they transport water and reproduce.
Plants live and grow in different ways. Trees have tall, woody
stems called trunks. Trees live for many years even in places
with cold winters. Other plants are herbaceous, meaning they
have soft stems. These plants often live for only one or two
growing seasons.
Scientists have classified over 300,000 plant species!
All members of the Kingdom Plantae share certain
characteristics.
Plants are multicellular organisms that have tissues and organs.
Their cells have cell walls. The cells have chloroplasts, the cell
parts that use the Sun’s energy to make food.
Some protists, such as algae, share characteristics with plants.
However, unlike any protist, many members of the plant
kingdom have developed an important ability. They can live in
dry places, away from bodies of water. Like all living things,
plants need water to survive. The way in which plants transport
water is one of the characteristics that scientists use to divide
plants into groups.
Plant Kingdom:
 Many celled
 Have tissues and organs
 Have cell walls and chloroplasts
 Make their own food
Nonvascular: lacking a water-transport system.
(Examples: hornworts, mosses, liverworts)
Hornworts:
These plants absorb water much like a sponge soaks up a liquid.
These plants do not have specialized tube-like tissues. Instead,
water slowly passes directly from cell to cell. Because they lack
tissues to transport water, nonvascular plants must live close to
a water source. The lack of a transport system also prevents
nonvascular plants from growing very tall. Many barely reach a
few inches full-grown.
 Absorb water like sponges
 Live close to water source
 Do Not grow very tall
Vascular: having a tube-like water-transport system.
Examples:
(Seed plants: gymnosperms, angiosperms)
(Seedless plants: horsetails, ferns)
These plants have tissues that act like tubes to transport water
through the plant. These tube-like tissues transport water and
nutrients taken up from soil through the plant’s roots. This
means that vascular plants do not have to live close to a body
of water. The vascular system provides support and allows
plants to grow very tall. Over time, vascular plants developed
ways of living in most climates (dry & wet).
 Tube-like tissues transport water & nutrients
 Do not have to live close to water source
 Grow very tall
Ferns: a common type of vascular plant. Ferns have roots,
stems, and leaves, each of which contain vascular tissue. Ferns
DO NOT have seeds.
To reproduce, seedless vascular plants make spores. A spore is
like a seed, but holds only half the beginning of a complete new
plant inside it. A fern’s spores will fall off, then germinate and
produce a different plant that is either male or female. The
male plant must fertilize a female plant to produce a new fern.
Gymnosperm: a vascular plant that produces seeds, but does
NOT produce flowers or fruits.
The seeds rest in hard berries or on woody structures called
cones. Seeds contain plant embryos-the beginning of a new
plant. The seed provides protection and a source of food for
the embryo. Seeds can also travel long distances, allowing
plants to spread to new areas.
Four Main Groups of Gymnosperms: Conifer, Cycad, Ginkgo,
Gnetophyte
Gymnosperm Life Cycle:
 Small cones produce male sex cells that are carried to the
large cones in pollen. Large cones produce female sex
cells.
 After fertilization, a seed coat develops around the plant
embryo. The seed provides nourishment.
 The seed sprouts and grows into a young plant called a
seedling.
 A mature tree will produce male and female cones.
 The life cycle will begin again.
Angiosperm: a vascular plant that produces seeds from flowers.
Some flowers, such as tulips, have both male and female organs
within one flower. Other flowers, such as apple blossoms, may
have either male or female sex organs.
Like gymnosperms, angiosperms produce pollen. But
angiosperms often are aided by animals in transferring pollen
from one flower to another. For example, a bee hovering over a
flower is helping the plant reproduce. Pollen attaches to the
bee’s legs. When the bee visits a flower with female sex organs,
the pollen falls off the bee’s legs and fertilizes the flower.
Fruiting Plant Life Cycle:
 A seed sprouts and a new plant grows.
 The flower blooms and is pollinated.
 After the flower is fertilized, the petals start to fall away.
 The ovary grows, and becomes the fruit.
 The fruit matures, protecting the seeds inside.
Cotyledons: leaf-like structures inside a seed.
Angiosperms are classified according to how many cotyledons
their seeds contain.
Monocots: angiosperms that produce seeds with one
cotyledon.
Mature monocots have roots that are like a bundle of fibers.
They also have narrow leaves with a parallel pattern on the
leaf. Examples: corn & palm trees
Dicots: angiosperms that produce seeds with two cotyledons.
Mature dicots have a thick main root called a taproot from
which other roots branch off. They have leaves with branching
veins. Examples: peas & squash
All flowering plants produce fruits, but not all fruits are edible.
Plant Adaptations
Adaptation: is any part or characteristic that helps a species
survive or reproduce.
Examples:
 Pine trees grow needles like leaves with waxy coating to
help the tree keep water in, allowing pines to survive in
cool, dry places.
 Cactus plants have thick stems that hold water and have a
waxy coating to protect them from drying out allowing
them to survive in hot, dry climates.
 Cactus spines are leaves adapted for protection.
 Many trees have broad leaves for maximum exposure to
sunlight.
Lesson 3: How Are Animals Classified?
Animals take in food from their environment by eating. They
break down and digest food for its energy.
Animal Kingdom:
 Multi-cellular with specialized cells that form tissues and
organs
 Require Oxygen to breathe
 Eat food from outside their bodies & digest it to get the
nutrients they need
 Most move from place to place
 Reproduce sexually
Invertebrates: an animal WITHOUT a backbone.
Symmetry: matching form on opposite sides of a diving line.
Vertebrates: an animal WITH a backbone.
Humans belong to the animal kingdom. There are several
characteristics that humans share with all animals. Animals can
have some of the same characteristics as organisms from other
kingdoms as well.
Amphibians: a vertebrate with smooth, moist skin that begins
its life in water but lives part of the time on land.
Cnidarians: invertebrate with radial symmetry, a saclike body, a
true mouth, and the ability to digest food.
Examples: Jellyfish & coral
Echinoderms
Example: starfish, sea urchins, & sea cucumbers
Sponges: very simple animals that lack tissues, organs, and true
body symmetry.
Arthropods: have jointed parts surrounded by a hard covering
called an exoskeleton; bilateral symmetry.
Examples: Lobsters, crabs, spiders, and insects
Mollusks
Examples: clams, oysters, snails, squids, and octopuses
Worms:
Examples: flatworm, roundworm, & earthworms
Parasites: live and feed off the body of a host.
Parasitism: the relationship in which one organism lives in or on
another organism and harms it in some way.
Cold-blooded Vertebrates: Examples: reptiles, amphibians
(frogs & toads), and most fish
This doesn’t refer to the actual temperature of the blood but
rather to how the body temperature is maintained. The body
temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on the
temperature outside their bodies.
For example, a garter snake will not move very fast in the
Spring, but will move very quickly in the summer. In the Spring
the temperature is lower and cools the snake’s body and slows
down the movement.
Fish: gills allow them to breathe in water.
Remember, all animals need to breathe Oxygen, even animals
that live in water.
Amphibians: need to live near water but do not spend their
entire lives in it. They need water to reproduce. They lay their
eggs in a moist place.
Reptiles: have a tough outer skin and most lay eggs. The dry,
flexible, scaly skin provides them with a waterproof coating and
helps them conserve water. They reproduce on land. Some are
good at keeping their internal body temperatures steady.
Warm-blooded Vertebrates: Examples: birds and mammals
They maintain constant internal body temperatures. Their
body cells produce enough heat to keep their bodies warm
even when the temperature outside their bodies is very low.
Birds: are the only group of animals with feathers. Their
feathers and wings help them fly. Use beaks instead of teeth.
Mammals: have the most complex organs & nervous system in
the animal kingdom. Their brain is relatively large which allows
them to perform complex behaviors. All mammals feed milk to
their young. Most have teeth. They move to find food, to
escape a predator, or many other reasons.
Classification System:
Kingdom (highest order of classification)
Phylum (next highest level of classification)
Class
Order (the food a mammal eats helps determine its order)
Family (share many characteristics)
Genus (share even more characteristics)
Species (most specific group; organisms of the same species are
able to breed with one another)
Pneumatic Device:
King
= Kingdom
Phil
= Phylum
Came
= Class
Out
= Order
From
= Family
Grandma’s
= Genus
Store
= Species