Download The Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance and
Reformation
The Renaissance and
Reformation
• Renaissance- “rebirth”
– Philosophical and artistic
movement beginning in the
1300s
– Renewed interest in ancient
Greek and Roman literature
and life
– Movement by the Church to
teach the humanities in their
scholastic education
– Became known as
“Humanism”
Humanism
• Placing an emphasis on teaching
individualism and achievement
• Humanists believed that the potential of
the human mind was almost limitless
Why the Renaissance now?
• The plague, starvation, and wars had overtaken
Europe in the 1300’s
• Loss of life was enormous- led to changes
• Now more food than needed, so food prices
decreased
• Allowed people more money to buy other things
• Also allowed areas to begin to specialize in
making things, which led to increased trade of
not only goods, but also IDEAS
The Renaissance
Admiration for
individual achievement
Lead a meaningful life
Renaissance Thought
Supporting the arts
Education important,
critical approach
Belief in human
dignity
Niccolo Machiavelli
• The Prince
– How the government
worked
– Advice for rulers
Michelangelo
• Painter and poet
Leonardo da Vinci
• Architect, engineer,
painter, sculptor, and
scientist
Printing
• Already invented in
China
• Finally, in 1450
Johannes Gutenburg
uses moving type to
print books
• If printing was never
developed, how
would life be
different?
Shakespeare
• Portrayed the reality of
human personality and
emotion
Reformation- Renaissance also led
to changes in the Church (reform)
• Many believed the
Roman Catholic
church had lost sight
of its spiritual mission
– Seemed more
interested in income
than saving souls
Reformation
• Martin Luther
– Read about him on page 450
• Formed Protestant group
– Had a large following
– Believed people could
interpret scripture for
themselves
– Published 95 theses
(chapters) about reforming the
church and nailed them to the
church door in 1517
Martin Luther
• Why would Catholic church leaders not be fond
of Luther?
• Many people read Luther’s theses and this led to
the desire for change or reform (“Protestant
Reformation”)
• Luther was excommunicated (kicked out of the
church) in 1520
• Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, handed
down the Edict of Worms
• This declared Luther an outlaw and condemned
his writings
Reformation
• John Calvin (1536)
– Shared many of
Luther’s beliefs
– Believed in
Predestination
• People were
predestined for
salvation
Reformation
• Catholic CounterReformation
– To stop the spread of
Protestantism
– Returned emphasis to
spiritual matters
– Made teachings more
clear
– Ended abuses
(indulgences to buy
sins)
Counter Reformation
• Pope Paul III recognized the need to
redefine the doctrines of the Catholic
church (result of the Reformation)
• He held a council in 1545- Council of Trent
• Council of Trent- addressed the abuses
that had weakened the church and also
rejected the Protestants
Counter Reformation
• The response to the Reformation (the
Counter Reformation) also led to other
things
• Popes established the Roman Inquisitionmeant to counter the Reformation
• They charged people accused of teaching
against the Church
• The harshest of these “inquisitions’ was
the Spanish Inquisition
Spanish Inquisition
• Spanish Kings tried to establish religious
uniformity
• Passed the “Index of Forbidden Books”
which banned religious texts of Jews,
Muslims, and Protestants
Results of the Reformations
• Different churches in
Europe
• Renewed interest in
education
• Increased power of
national government
• Decreased power of
popes
Age of Exploration
Why explore now?
• During the Renaissance a spirit of
discovery and innovation had emerged in
Europe
• People were beginning to question the
norm more than ever (was the world flat?)
• Led many European powers to look for
new lands or new routes to places already
known
Portugal
• First country to launch large scale voyages
• Henry the Navigator: (Prince Henry)
– Not an explorer
– Brought in sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, and others to a court
– Explore coasts of Africa
• Bartolomeu Dias:
– First European to attempt to sail around southern tip of Africa (Cape of
Good Hope)
• Vasco Da Gama:
– Sailed from Portugal to India and back successfully
• Pedro Cabral:
– Discovered Brazil
• In India the Portugese set up a trading center and became one of
the richest most powerful countries in the world
Spanish
• Christopher Columbus:
– “1492 sailed the ocean blue”: Enough Said
• Amerigo Vespucci:
– Sailed along coast of S. America
– Explained how Columbus was wrong and the land was not Asia but a
new land
– Mapmakers named the Americas after him
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa:
– First known European to see Pacific Ocean
• Ferdinand Magellan:
–
–
–
–
Decided to sail west around world
5 ships and 250 men
Killed in the Philippines but men sailed on
18 survivors made it back to Spain and became first to circumnavigate
the world
English
• John Cabot:
– Sailed to present day Canada
• Thought it was Asia as well
• Sir Francis Drake
– English queen sent him to explore west coast of S.
America
– Stopped in California
– Sailed north but too cold so went west
– 2nd man to circumnavigate the world
• Henry Hudson:
– Goal: find shorter route to Asia
– Sailed north but found nothing
French
• Jacques Cartier:
– Sailed into St. Lawrence River
– Claimed land for France (Canada)
Dutch (Netherlands):
• - Henry Hudson (same as English)
• Sailed to N. America twice
• Found Hudson Bay and river
Conquest and Colonies
Main Idea
The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they
had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently
conquering the native people who lived there.
Spain Builds an Empire
• Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands
• Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas
• Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas
Spain in Caribbean
Encomienda
• First areas settled
by Spanish,
Caribbean islands,
Hispaniola, Cuba
• Colonist given land
and Native
Americans to work
the land
• Columbus hoped to
find gold, did not
• Required to teach
native workers
about Christianity
• Spanish introduced
encomienda
system there
Millions Died
• Disastrous system
for Native Americans
• Mistreatment,
overwork took toll on
population
• Europeans spread
new diseases
The
Conquest
of
Mexico
Conquistador
• Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies
• Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs
• Cortés a conquistador, military leader who fought against Native Americans
Cortes Marches on Capital
• Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico
• Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with those they conquered
• Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs
Other Advantages
• In addition to Native American allies, Cortés had metal weapons, heavy
armor, guns, horses—animals never seen before in Americas
• Disease also swept through Aztec Empire, killing thousands of people
Aztec Empire
November 8, 1519, Cortés, army entered Tenochtitlán,
Aztec capital
•
Cortés, Moctezuma greeted each other respectfully
•
Spanish soon took emperor prisoner
– Battle erupted
– Moctezuma killed
•
Months of heavy fighting followed
– Cortés eventually took city
– Defeated entire Aztec empire
The Conquest of Peru
Francisco Pizarro
• 10 years after conquest of
Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro led
expedition to Peru
• Had heard of fabulous wealth of
Inca Empire; hoped to win
wealth for himself
New Ruler
• 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa,
agreed to meet with Spanish
• Pizarro demanded Atahualpa
accept Christianity, hand over
empire to Spain
• Atahualpa refused
• Inca Empire already weakened
by smallpox; many killed,
including emperor
• Civil war had also broken out
• Spanish killed Atahualpa,
destroyed Inca army, took over
empire
Life in the Spanish Empire
• With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas
• Spanish king chose officials, viceroys, to govern American holdings
• Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming
• Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms
Beginnings of Slavery
• Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population
• Some appalled at treatment
• One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended replacing
Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves
• Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas
Summarize
How did the Spanish create an empire in the
Americas?
Answer(s): conquered Aztec and Inca empires;
appointed viceroys to govern
The Portuguese in Brazil
Portuguese built an empire in the Americas
Because of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one
Treaty
• 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas
drew imaginary line through
Atlantic Ocean
– Everything west, including
most of then-undiscovered
Americas, would belong to
Spain
– Everything to east would be
Portuguese
– Only Brazil remained as
Portuguese colony
Colonization
• Heavy Brazilian jungles made
mining, farming difficult
• Portuguese in no hurry to settle
• 1530s, colonists slowly moved
in, mostly along Atlantic coast
– Established huge farming
estates, as in Spanish lands
– First used Native American,
then African slave, labor to
work on farms
Explain
Why did few colonists originally move to
Brazil?
Answer(s): Heavy jungles made farming and
mining difficult.
French, Dutch, and English
Colonies in the Americas
Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe;
other European countries paid close attention.
Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they
needed to establish colonies in the Americas.
New France
Trade and Colonization
• French explorers established
colonies in New France, or Canada
• Waters of North Atlantic swarming
with fish, staple of European diet
• Hoped this would be a rich source
for gold, silver
• Forests yielded valuable furs
• Did not find riches, but found other
potentially valuable trade goods
• French did not send large numbers
of colonists; small groups of traders
• Did not enslave Native Americans
Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs.
Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures.
Further Explorations
South from New France
Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico
• A few French explorers headed
south to seek more lands to
claim
• 1682, René-Robert La Salle
canoed down entire Mississippi
River to Gulf of Mexico
• 1608, Samuel de Champlain
founded city of Quebec
• Claimed enormous Mississippi
region, tributaries for France
• French also explored
Mississippi River
• Named huge, fertile area
Louisiana, after King Louis XIV
• Thought it flowed to Pacific,
would provide route to Asia
The English Colonies
•
•
•
•
•
1607, first English colony established at Jamestown
Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific
Instead found marshy ground, impure water
80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America
Colony still endured
Pilgrims
Native Americans
• 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England
• Pilgrims had been persecuted in
England for religious beliefs
• English settlers did not share same
relationship with Native Americans
as French, Dutch
• Established colony at Plymouth,
Massachusetts
• Jamestown, Plymouth colonies
received aid from local peoples
• Persevered despite difficulties
• Still, colonists viewed Native
Americans with distrust, anger
• Colony self-sufficient within 5 years
British-French Conflict
Problems
• English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas
• Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in French territory, upper
Ohio River valley; tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754
French and Indian War
• Both had Native American allies; English called it French and Indian War
• War began badly for British; French had more soldiers than English
• British turned tide, took city of Quebec
Costly War
• Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of
Mississippi
• War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists
• Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution
Sequence
What series of events led to the French and
Indian War?
Answer(s): English attempted to settle in Ohio
River valley; tension grew between English and
French; Native Americans allied with each side
New Patterns of Trade
The Columbian Exchange
• Contact between Native Americans and
Europeans led to widespread exchange of
plants, animals, and disease
• Effects: changed society for Europe, America,
Africa, and Asia
• New Diseases: Small pox, measles, influenza,
etc..
– killed millions of native Americans
– violence and warfare also influenced death rates
Mercantilism
• An economic policy stating that a nations strength depended on its
wealth
– Fixed amount in world, one nation becomes wealthier another loses
wealth
• Balance of Trade: Receive more gold and silver from others than
you pay out creates favorable balance of trade.
• How?
– Reduce imports, charge tariffs on imports, Export of manufactured
goods (more valuable than raw goods), control overseas resources and
become self sufficient
• Colonies: Essential to mercantile system (see above) restrict
economic activities in colonies
• Impact on Society: Towns and cities grew, development of a
wealthier merchant class
The Rise of Capitalism
• Capitalism:
– system in which most economic activity is
carried on by private individuals or
organizations in order to seek a profit
• Joint-stock companies:
– people pooled money to invest in larger
business.
– Bought shares of stock in a company. If
company gets profit, shareholder gets a
portion. (British East India Company)