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Family: Cladorhizidae • How is this organism adapted to its environment? Newly Discovered off the coast of New Zealand PHYLUM PORIFERA SPONGES I. General Information 1. Porifera means “porebearing” 2. EX: sponges 3. No tissues, organs, or systems 4. Entire animal consists of several different types of cells functioning together. 5. Sessile- immobile 6. Symmetry: Asymmetricalno symmetry 7. Simplest of all animals Osculum- allows water & waste to leave. Spicules- give support/protection Choanocyte- traps passing food Spongocoel- center cavity of sponge Porocyte- allows water & food into sponge Mesohyl- gelatinous middle layer thru which amoebocytes travel. Amoebocytes- carry nutrients, oxygen thru body. Can also become reproductive cells. Ostium (plural ostia)- opening to a porocyte Pinacocyte- epidermal cells; cover outside of sponge; can contract to close ostia when irritated II. Digestion/Feeding 1. Filter feederssessile so cannot prey on food. 2. Eat bacteria, algae, protists, larvae 3. Pathway of water & food a. Enters porocyte b. Passes by choanocyte which has beating flagella to pull food into collar which captures food. c. Food vacuole is created at base of choanocyte. Digestion begins. d. Food vacuole is passed to an amoebocyte. e. Amoebocyte carries nutrients to all parts of sponge. Also remove waste from sponge (circulatory system) f. Excess water & waste exit thru osculum. g. Can measure amount of water flow out of the sponge by adding dye http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.h p/zool250/animations/Porifera.swf III.Respiration- exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide 1. DIFFUSION through the cell membranes exposed directly to water. IV. Skeleton/Support 1. Spicules- needle-like pieces of calcium carbonate or silica. All different shapes & sizes 2. Spongin- flexible protein fibers found in the sponge skeleton ex:bath sponge V. Excretionremoval of wastes from body 1. Wastes removed from body by amoebocytes. 2. Released to spongocoel & out osculum. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bio.rutgers.edu/ ~gb102/lab_1/porifera/sponge_animation.gif&imgrefurl=http: //bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_1/porifera/sponge_animation.h tml&usg=__RYJg9379B6PSO0d4IaeJ1cEZp6s=&h=432&w=43 2&sz=78&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=cGliBdN9G1zbTM:&tb nh=126&tbnw=126&ei=pJBlTrqTNYO6tgeXhtGECg&prev=/sear ch%3Fq%3Damoebocytes%2Banimation%26um%3D1%26hl%3 Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ACGW_enUS313US314%26tb m%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1 VI. Reproduction 1. Asexual- without using sperm & egg a. Regenerationbroken pieces of sponge regrow into entire new sponge. b. Budding- small buds break off & continue to grow until adulthood. c. Gemmules- masses of amoebocytes form on parent in winter. Amoebocytes become all other cells when released to form a new sponge. 2. Sexual- with sperm and egg. a. Monoecioushermaphrodites; produce sperm & egg in same organism. 1. Do not make or release sperm & egg at same time. Prevents selffertilization. 2. Self-fertilization is like inbreeding. Does not promote good genetic diversity. VII. 3 Body Forms 1.Ascon a. Simplest b. Vase-like body c. EX: Leucosolenia 2.Sycon a. More complex than ascon. b. Folded body wall c. More choanocytes = more food d. EX: Grantia 3.Leucona. Complex body wall b. Many oscula c. Even more choanocytes = more food d. EX: bath sponge VIII. Classification Based on type of spicules (different shape of spicules indicates different species) Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea- spicules of calcium carbonate; needle-like or 3-4 rays. Class Hexactinellidaespicules of silica with 6 rays Class Demospongiaespicules of silica or spongin; bath sponge IX. Economic/Environmental Importance 1. Filter & clean water. 2. Control some animal populations by eating excess larvae. 3. Bath sponges sold for cleaning, exfoliating, personal hygiene, etc. 4. Part of food chain 5. Provide habitat for many types of animals. DAILY QUIZ #3 1. The cells that capture food for the sponge are called a. Pinacocytes b. Choanocytes c. amoebocytes 2. The center cavity of the sponge is a. Osculum b. Mesohyl c. spongocoel b. With gills c. By diffusion 3. Sponges breathe a. With lungs 4. The jelly-like middle layer of the sponge is a. Mesohyl b. Mesoderm c. spongy 5. Human : red blood cell :: Sponge : a. spicule b. Amoebocyte c. osculum Links for WebQuests • http://lcmrschool.org/HS/Roth/Biology_ani mate/Ch26/ActiveArt/structure_of_a_spong e.swf • http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/z ool250/animations/Porifera.swf