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WHAP – CHAPTER 1 Introduction • Human origins – 2.5 million years ago • Human beings have existed for less than 5% of the time mammals of any sort have lived. • Human negatives and positives • Aggressiveness, back problems, long baby time, fear of death • Grip/Opposable thumbs, omnivores – can live in many different settings, facial expressions and speech • C. Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age- 2.5 million to 12000 BCE • Simple tools – increase in size, brain capacity, homo erectus Late Paleolithic Developments • Homo Sapiens Sapiens • 120,000 years ago- we appeared and perhaps killed off homo habilis, homo erectus, and Cro-Magnon man. • Population growth required change • 1 square mile to hunt/gather for 2 people. • Equality between the genders; women worked harder, but both contributed. • Religions developed to explain events like death. • Emergence of culture, system of beliefs, set up social behavior • Greatest Achievement? • Spreading over the earth’s surface • Mesolithic Age – 12000 BCE to 8000 BCE • Tools – sharpen animal bones, build rafts • Domesticated animals • Conflicts with others – skull fractures/bone breaks. • Knowledge based on cave paintings, tool remains, burial sites Neolithic (New Stone) Age Revolution • Agriculture changed everything – could support more people • Settle one spot – focus on economic, political, and religious goals. • 14000-10000 BCE – Earth’s population increases from 6-8 million to 100 million • Causes of Agriculture • Population increase – better climate (end of ice age) • Big game animals were decreasing – hunting yield declined • Gradual change – harvesting wild grains to planting seeds. • New Animals Domesticated • Pigs, sheep, goats, cattle • Meat, skins, dairy • Why the Middle East? • Water source, fertile area, not forested, lacked animals – which was a challenge for hunters. • “Revolution” was gradual • Many groups combined this new “trend” of agricultural with hunting and gathering. • Took well over 1000 years for this new way of life to be the norm. • Effects • Longer work week – agriculture requires more labor than hunting. • Group work – building houses and villages. • Varied clothing due to hides, but also wool. • Resistance – too complicated, boring, and difficult • Disease – eventually immunity will come, but death did occur. • Small isolated societies took much longer to come around • Changes • Specialization of labor • Technology • Metal tools – Bronze Age 3000 – Iron Age 1500 BCE Civilization • Benefits of settling • Houses, wells, justified improvements for future generations, irrigation devices to channel river water to fields • Irrigation and defense required people to work together. • Catal Huyuk – Turkey – 7000 BCE civilization • Mud-brick houses crowded together • People spent time on rooftops to experience daylight and make social contacts. • Broken bones suggest accidental falls • Religious images of male hunters and mother goddesses = agricultural wealth • Trade occurred with others to keep peace • Skilled tool-makers and jewelers Imprint of basket Fragment of bone Wall painting of dancing hunter Statue found in grain bin -- goddess • Civilization defined? • Only societies with enough economic surplus can form divisions of labor and a social hierarchy involving significant inequalities. • Civilization involves the emergence of formal political organizations, or states, as opposed to dependence on family or tribal ties. • The word “civilization” itself is Latin- meaning cities. • Writing • 1st – Cuneiform – wedge shaped from Middle East (Mesopotamia) • Record keeping – tax sufficiently • Contracts/treaties • Build on past knowledge • People look at world as something to be understood rationally • Not all peoples were literate – in each civilization, only a minority could read. Cuneiform alphabet This is a Cuneiform inscription from the Gate of all Nations in Persepolis. • Negatives of Civilization • Class/caste distinctions – slavery • Separation between rulers/ruled • Warlike • Gender inequality • Patriarchal – men get manufacturing, political, religious titles. • Benefits of Nomadic life • More regulations • -- depend of rules transmitted by word of mouth • Respect of elders/children • EX: American Indians were shocked at how European settlers spanked their children • Impact of Civilization on Environment • Deforestation • Erosion, flooding • EX: Indus River Valley cities. Tigris/Euphrates Civilization (Mesopotamia) • Precedents • Writing • Law codes • City planning/architecture • Trade institutions and money • Mesopotamia – land between 2 rivers • Central America, China, and Meso. were three civs that developed from scratch. • Farming required irrigation • Sumerians 3500 BCE • Cuneiform – scribes • Sumerian art – frescoes for temples • Science – astronomy – calendar/forecasts – aided agriculture. • Charts of constellations Sumerian Fresco -- Akkad Sumerian Star Chart • Ziggurats • 1st monumental architecture • Role of geography • Swift and unpredictable floods – religious • Polytheism – punishment of humans through floods – Noah • Gloomy – punishment in afterlife – hell • Easy to invade – constantly at war; their geography left them vulnerable. • City-states • King has divine authority. • Regulates religion • Court system for justice • Land worked by slaves – warfare created a surplus of labor • Inventions • Wheeled carts, fertilizer, silver money Basic structure of a ziggurat (temple/grainary) Mesopotamian Silver Coin Money Sumerian depiction of wheeled cart • Babylonians • Hammurabi – first codified law • Procedure for courts • Property rights • Harsh punishments • Indo-European invasions from North • Adopted the culture Egyptian Civilization • Benefited from trade/technology of Mesopotamia • Geographic factors • Difficult to invade • Regular flooding cycle • Economy – government directed (probably to control Nile) vs. Mesopotamia – independent business class • Pharoahs – rulers- godlike – theocracy? – tombs – the pyramids • Interactions (invasions) with Kush to the South • Egyptian art – lively, cheerful, colorful • Depicted a positive afterlife surrounded by beauty • Architecture later influenced Mediterranean • More advanced math and medical science than Mesopotamia • Idea of a 24 hour day developed by Egyptians • Mummification! • Writing -- hieroglyphics Egyptian relief: Hippopotamus hunt Ramses II’s Temple at Luxor; view of pylons Example of architecture Ramses II’s courtyard Wood statuette Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilizations • Indus River – Harappa/Mohenjo Daro (cities) • Houses had running water (technology!) • Traded with Mesopotamia • Developed their own alphabet and distinctive art • Harappan writing has yet to be deciphered. • Civilization never had to be fully reinvented in India, despite numerous invasions by Indo-Europeans. • Indo-Europeans combined their religious and political idea with what had taken root in early Indian cities. • Organized their cities on a grid system • Huange He (Yellow River) • Isolated, little overland trading with India and Middle East • Recorded part fact/part fiction of their kings (dodgy history) • Carefully regulated irrigation in the flood-prone valley as an ORGANIZED STATE (bureaucracy) • Skillful horsemen • Elaborate intellectual life • Writing – knotted ropes, scratches of lines, ideographic symbols • Delicate art, musical interest • Limited materials – basic housing • Religion • Ancestor worship • Oracle bones Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations • Accomplishments • Monuments • Wheel • Taming of horse • Square roots • Monarchs/bureaucracies • Calendars/time • Major alphabets • How much are these civilizations “origin” of today? • Except for China, they all have a break from their past. • Roman empire – god-like king • Slavery • Scientific legacy – the Greeks studied the Egyptians • East vs. West • Mesopotamians – gap between humankind and nature • China – basic harmony all live together • Temple building, art, architecture – Mesopotamia to Middle East/Greece. • Mesopotamia – regional cultures that could survive invasion • Phoenicians – 22 letter alphabet • Jews – morally/ethically based on monotheistic religion • Semitic people – small, relatively weak – only autonomous (independent) when region was in political turmoil. • Believed in a single god – Jehovah – guided destinies of people • Orderly, just – not whimsical • Created moral code • Religion basis for Christianity/Islam