Download Transport Powerpoint File

Transport
The absorption and circulation of materials
throughout an organism
A. Absorption- means by which the end products of
digestion and gases enter cells through
the selectively permeable cell
membrane. Occurs either actively or
passively:
1. Passive Transport•no energy used
a. diffusion- materials move from HIGH to
LOW concentrations randomly
until an equilibrium is reached
b. osmosis- diffusion of WATER
c. Effects of osmosis on living cellssince cells are made of water and
surrounded by water, the movement
of water can change a cell. Solutions
surrounding the cell may be:
Isotonic- Solution around the cell has the same
concentration of dissolved particles as the
cell. Water will be in equilibrium. This
will have no effect on the cell.
Hypotonic- Solution around the cell has a lower
concentration of dissolved particles (salt,
sugar) than the cell. (therefore water will
be higher). This causes water to move
into the cell making it swell or burst.
animal cell:
The cell will
eventually
burst;
cytolysis
plant cell:
H2O
vacuole swells and presses
against cell wall to create
turgor pressure that is used
to open stomates and
flowers
Hypertonic- Solution around the cell has a higher
concentration of dissolved particles than
the cell. (therefore water will be lower).
This causes water to move out of the cell
making it shrink.
animal cell:
The cell will shrink;
plasmolysis (link)
plant cell:
The cytoplasm
will shrink;
vacuoles close,
plant wilts
Things to think about…..
(don’t put in notes)
Why do people soak their swollen feet in Epsom salts?
Why do they have sprinklers in produce aisles for fruits &
What the?! Who unscrewed the salt
veggies?
shaker? And why the hell do we
have one in the first place?
What does salt do to a slug?
Why?
What would happen to “Saltwater Sam” if you moved him
to freshwater?
What about “Freshwater Fred” if you moved him to the
ocean?
(salmon have adaptations for salt & freshwater)
2. Active Transport• energy expended
•moves against concentration gradient…
low to high, carrier proteins assist
•allows organisms to move materials in/out
of the cell to maintain certain conditions
•phagocytosis- engulfing solids
•pinocytosis- engulfing liquids
Both forms of
endocytosis
(transporting
materials in by
creating a
vesicle/pouch.
The reverse of
endocytosis is
exocytosis
•Scan of paramecium
•Clip: ameba eating paramecium
•Quiz 1
B. Circulation1. Definition- movement of materials throughout
an organism or cell
2. Typesintracellular- within cells, occurs by diffusion,
cyclosis & movement in E.R.
intercellular- between cells, occurs by diffusion
3. Adaptations for Transporta. plants
1. Bryophytes (moss)
-no vascular tissue
-transport by diffusion across cell membranes
2. Tracheophytes
-have vascular tissue
xylem-transport water
phloem- transport food made during
photosynthesis
-have specialized organs for transport:
 roots - absorb H2O and minerals
- conduct to stems through
xylem & phloem
-anchor plant
-contain root hairs that increase
surface area for absorption
 stems- conduct materials through xylem &
phloem
-contain lenticels (for the exchange of
CO2 & O2)
 leaves- have veins (xylem & phloem)
-contain stomates (for the exchange of
CO2 , O2 & H2O)
Leaves have processes to move water upwards in a
plant:
capillary action- the upward movement of water
in a narrow tube (xylem) due to
the adhesion and cohesion of
water molecules
adhesion- attraction btwn. unlike molecules (xylem : water)
cohesion- attraction btwn. like molecules (water : water)
root pressure- water is “pushed” into the root
cells by turgor pressure and may
move as much as 1 meter
transpirational pull- as water is lost through
transpiration from lenticels
and stomates, water
molecules are “drawn” to
replace them by the strong
attractive forces of water
nutrients are moved also….
translocation - the movement of dissolved food
through phloem
Other adaptations for transport:
b. single-celled organismsUse cyclosis, ER
c. invertebrates- (insects)
have open circulatory system
d. simple vertebrates- (fish)
2 chambered heart, closed system
e. human…..
The transport system in humans circulates wastes,
nutrients and gases throughout the body.
requires:
•transport media (blood)
•vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
• a pump (heart)
Blood:
•liquid tissue that helps maintain homeostasis
•approx 6 qts. in adults
•cells produced in bone marrow
•components:
1. plasma•yellowish liquid, approx 55% of blood
volume
•90% water
•10 % dissolved materials (nutrients,
glucose, amino acids, salts, hormones,
enzymes, antibodies, wastes, CO2)
platelet
In one
drop of
blood:
RBC
WBC
plasma
In 1ml. Of blood (a few
drops), there are :
5 million RBCs
30,000 platelets
10, 000 WBCs
2. red blood cells- (RBCs)
•AKA erythrocytes
•most numerous blood cell
•43% of blood volume
•disk shaped
•made in bone marrow
•mature RBCs have no nuclei
•live about 120 days
•contain hemoglobin which carries CO2
& O2; gives blood its red color
•2 million produced+destroyed /second!
•worn out/dead RBCs removed by liver
& spleen
BLUE BLOOD ????
RBC disorders:
anemia- too few RBCs/hemoglobin
not enough oxygen…..fatigue
sickle cell anemia-hereditary condition, crescent
shaped RBCs, get caught in blood
vessels, can’t carry enough O2
3. platelets- AKA thrombocytes
•cell fragments created in bone marrow
when bits of cytoplasm are pinched off
from cells
•smaller than RBCs & WBCs
•live for 7 days
•function in blood clotting:
Clotting:
series of enzyme controlled reactions
occurs when a blood vessel is injured and
platelets stick to the wall of the damaged
vessel
more than 30 substances involved :
1. platelets release thromboplastin
2. Thromboplastin initiates a series of rxs. where
prothrombin produces thrombin
3. thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen in the
plasma to insoluble fibrin strands
4. Fibrin strands form a clot & the wound is
repaired
When healing is complete, an enzyme called plasmin dissolves the fibrin
break in
vessel wall
initiates
platelets
release
thromboplastin
prothrombin
(a plasma protein)
to
produce
fibrinogen
(soluble)
thrombin
converts
into
(an enzyme)
fibrin strands
(insoluble)
form
clotting clip
clot
Clots don’t naturally occur in uninjured vessels b/c:
•Walls are smooth
•Anticoagulants are present (coumadin & heparin)..
they prevent clumping
….medicinal leeches….. Leeches USA
Clotting problems:
1. Not enough platelets
2. Lack of vitamin K in diet (found in green, leafy
veggies, needed to form prothrombin)
3. Hemophilia (no platelets for clotting)
4. When clots form in uninjured vessels & travel,
causing stroke/death
4. white blood cells- (WBCs); “leukocytes”
•largest, least numerous blood cell
•contain nuclei
•2% of blood volume
•fight infection (immune response)
•may use ameboid movement to
squeeze btwn. cells to get to infection
•types of WBCs:
phagocytes- engulf invaders
lymphocytes- make antibodies
(chemical warfare)
Immunity- the ability to resist disease due to the
presence of antibodies
antigen- anything the body sees as foreign
(bacteria, virus or harmless pollen)
pathogen- antigen that causes disease
antibody- protein made by lymphocytes to attract
phagocytes; alerts phagocytes to destroy
antigen (like Paul Revere!)
WBC attacking virus link
active immunity•your body produces antibodies
•occurs when you come in contact w/or get
the disease OR when you get a vaccine
(dead/weakened form of the disease
which stimulates antibody production)
•usually permanent
passive immunity•occurs when you are injected w/antibodies
(gamma globulin)
•or you receive them from mother’s breastmilk or across placenta
•usually temporary
allergies•occurs when certain harmless substances
(dust, pollen, insect bites) are seen as harmful antigens.
•Special WBCs produce histamines
(chemicals that cause sneezing, itching, watery
eyes, etc.)
WBC disorder:
leukemia- increase in WBCs that don’t function
properly
Blood Typing
•4 types: A, B, AB, O
•blood types are named for the presence or
absence of A & B antigens on the surface of
RBCs
•“agglutination” means clumping
Blood
Type
Antigen
on
RBC
A
A
Antibodies
In
plasma
Typing
of this
blood
Anti-B
serum
B
B
Anti-A
AB
A&B
none
O
none
Anti-A
and
Anti-B
serum
Whereever
agglutination
occurs, that’s
the blood type
Transfusions & organ donations are safe when the
recipient does not have antibodies that would react
with/attack the donor’s antigens
Recipient
type
can safely
receive
from
Donor
type
O
O
A
A,O
B
B,O
AB
A,B,AB,O
Universal recipient b/c no antibodies
Universal donor
b/c no antigens
Rh factor•another group of antigens on RBC surface
•1st found in Rhesus monkeys
•85% of people are Rh positive (Rh+)(have the antigen)
•15% of people are Rh negative (Rh-)
•may cause problem during pregnancy if
Mom is – and baby is +……..
•during delivery, baby’s blood may enter
Mom’s system and Mom will make Rh
antibodies to baby’s antigens.
•If the next child is Rh+:
those antibodies will cross placenta &
agglutinate (miscarriage)
•Treatment:
before 2nd pregnancy, Mom receives
medication to suppress antibody
production
Transplants
•when an organ or tissue (heart, kidney, skin)
is transplanted from donor to recipient
•This organ/tissue is recognized by the
recipient’s immune system as foreign (has
different marker proteins & antigens)
•immune response is activated
•transplanted tissue is destroyed: REJECTION
•to avoid rejection: recipient takes immunosupressant drugs; makes
patient more susceptible
to other infections
•skin grafts avoid rejection b/c skin is
usually taken from patients own body
•Not in notes…….
Xenotransplantationinvolves the transplantation of nonhuman tissues or
organs into human recipients.
“Because there is a worldwide shortage of organs for clinical
implantation, about 60% of patients awaiting replacement
organs die on the waiting list. Recent advances in
understanding the mechanisms of transplant rejection have
brought science to a stage where it is reasonable to consider
that organs from other species, probably pigs, may soon be
engineered to minimize the risk of serious rejection and used
as an alternative to human tissues, possibly ending organ
shortages”
Wikipedia
Pigs are the most common species used for
xenotransplantation Pigs are plentiful, are quick to mature, breed well
in captivity, have large litters, and have vital organs roughly comparable in size
to those of humans (emedicine website)
hand transplantationhttp://www.clipsyndicate.com/video/playlist/5895/1122531?cpt=8&title=health&wpid=0
Face transplantation- amazing!
Shotgun victim
Bear attack victim
Some patients cannot psychologically handle such
transplants……..
When doctors refuse to remove the transplant,
some people have rebelled by stopping their
immunosuppressants. (see Discovery Health clip video 149)
AIDS
lesson…
Transport vessels
1. arteries•carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
(except for the pulmonary artery which lacks O2)
•walls are thick & muscular
•relaxation & contraction of arteries creates
your pulse
•tiny artery = arteriole, largest artery= aorta
2. veins•carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart
(except for the pulmonary vein which has lots of O2)
•walls are thinner than arteries
•have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
•tiny vein = venule
3. capillaries•smallest vessel: only 1 cell thick
lots of O
•connect arteries to veins
2
little O2
•allow for exchange of O2, nutrients, H2O,
CO2 & other wastes between body cells &
blood
capillary clip
Bodies exhibit- circulatory system
4. vessel disorders•atherosclerosis- arteries clog w/fat &
cholesterol and become
narrower. This may cause
Fate of fat
high blood pressure.
•varicose veins- protruding veins caused by
the collapse of valves and
pooling of blood.
•stroke- vessel(s) in the brain burst or are
blocked, causing various neurologic
problems.
•aneurysm- thinning of vessel wall, may burst,
causing massive internal bleeding
5. lymph vessels- (see diagram)
•small tubes throughout the body; return ICF
(intercellular) fluid to veins
•larger lymph vessels end in lymph nodes
(contain WBCs & filter bacteria & dead cells from the blood)
•lymph, plasma & ICF: same fluid: (name depends on
location in body)
Blood pressure- pressure exerted on walls of the
arteries.
•systole- contraction of ventricles, higher
pressure, upper number
•diastole- relaxation of ventricles, lower
pressure, lower number
120 systole
80 diastole
Blood pressure is affected by smoking, diet, heredity,
age.
A sphygmomanometer (AKA pressure cuff) measures
blood pressure.
Circulatory Pathways
systemic- from heart through body
pulmonary- from heart to lungs
coronary- supplies blood to the heart
hepatic-portal- carries blood from the digestive tract to
the liver through the portal vein
•In the liver, excess glucose is absorbed and
stored as glycogen. When blood glucose is
low, glycogen is changed to glucose &
returned to the blood (homeostasis).
renal- carries blood to & from kidneys, deposits
wastes from the blood to be excreted
lymphatic- all body cells are surrounded by ICF
•excess fluids & proteins from intercellular
spaces are returned to blood by the lymphatic
system
•lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine
are called lacteals…digested fats enter blood
here.
see lympedema…
next slide
The Heart
Heart clip
•muscular, 4-chambered pump
•2 atria (atrium)
upper chambers where blood enters
heart
•2 ventricles
lower chambers that pump blood
have thicker walls so they can pump
•septum
tissue that separates left & right side
•valves
structures that allow blood to flow in
only 1 direction
opening & closing make heart sounds
blood flow sounds clip
heart murmur is an irregularity of valves
•double pump
1. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated
blood to lungs.
2. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated
blood to the body.
•pericardium
sac that surrounds the heart
•S.A. node (sinoatrial)
“pacemaker”
specialized cells
in the right atrium
sends impulse to A.V. (atrioventricular)
node, causing ventricles to contract
EKG/ECG is a test that checks for proper
functioning of nodes & impulses
Path of Blood Through
The
Vena cava (superior & inferior)
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
Tricuspid valve clip
pulmonary valve clip (btwn rt vent & pu
pulmonary artery
lungs (diffusion of O2 & CO2 in alveoli)
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
semilunar/aortic valve
aorta
body:
ARTERIES
arterioles capillaries
... Heart
venules
VEINS
Pump your blood song
mammalian heart clip
vagus nerve clip
epinepherine/heart clip
acetylcholine/heart clip