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PERIODS AND MOVEMENTS: Old English-(8.century); in British Isles lived Anglosaxon and Judes; Beowulf-poem witten in
Anglos.language; 1.british king=Alfred the Great-he supported Anglos.language; croniques written by monks; Middle
English- (1066-1500)after Norman Conquest of England; ballads,romances,allegorical poems,religious plays; G.Chaucer(The
Canterbury Tales); William Caxton-brought print to England; Elizabethan era- (1558-1603)-Queen Elizabeth I.; Oliver
Cromwell; W.Shakespeare-theatre Globe (King Lear,The Merchant of Venice); F.Bacon(New Atlantis); Ben Jonson(The
Alchemist);Edmund Spenser(The Faerie Queene); Englihtenment,Neoclassicism- (1660-1790);englit-reason, liberty and
technological progress, age of reason, nonfiction; essays and philosophical treatises by Thomas Hobbes(Leviathan), J.Locke,
Rousseau, Decartes; “Neo” means new, new version of the classical works of ancient Greece.Balance and order; John
Dryden; Alexander Pope(transl.of Homer); J.Swift(Gullivers Travels); J.Milton(Paradise Lost); Gothic fiction- (1764-1820)mysterious,brooding settings and plots-much like today´ s horror stories; Horace Walpole(Castle of Otranto); E.Allan
Poe(The Black Cat); Romanticism- (1798-1832)-a response to the restrains and scientific approach; romantics loved
imagination, subjectivity, the romance of nature and spontaneity; J.Austen(Pride and Prejudice); William Blake(Songs of
Innocence); Lord Byron(Don Juan,Childe Harolds Pilgrimage); Samuel Taylor Coleridge; P.B.Shelley(Prometheus Unbound);
William Wordsworth(The Prelude); Nathaniel Hawthorne(The Scarlet Letter); Herman Mellvile(Moby-Dick);
Transcedentalism- (1835-1860)-focused on the individuals conscience and rejection of materialism in favour of becoming
closer with nature; Thoreau(Walden); Emerson(Self-Reliance); Realism- (1830-1900)-honest portrayal, depicts ordinary life;
Honore de Balzac; Ch.Dickens(The Advantures of Oliver Twist); George Elliot; Gustave Flaubert(Madame Bovary); Leo
Tolstoy; Victorian Era- (1832-1901)-strict conservative views on sex.religion and science; Charlotte Brontë(Jane Eyre);
Anthony Trollope; Ch.Dickens;G.Elliot; William Makepeace Thackeray(Vanity Fair); Thomas Hardy(Jude the Obscure); poets:
Robert Browing, Elizabeth B.Browing,Alfred Lord Tennyson, nonfiction writers: Walter Pater, Charles Darwin(The Origin of
Species); Naturalism- (1865-1900)- a more intense,detailed version of realism in order to suggest that social conditions and
our enviroment were inevitable in shaping our human character; Emile Zola(The Kill); Dreiser; Stephen Crane; Experimental
Lit.- Bloomsbury Group- (1906-1930)-informal group consisted friends and lovers lived in Bloomsbury area of London and
have great influence on liberalizing British culture; John M.Keynes, Clive Bell, Roger Fry, Lytton Strchey, Virginia Woolf,
E.M.Forster; Modernism- (1920s)-broke with traditional aspects of Western covnetions; James Joyce(Ulysses);T.S.Elliot(The
Waste Land); V.Woolf(Mrs.Dalloway); Marcel Proust(In Search of Lost Time); Surrealism- (1920-1930s)-primarily occurred in
France-Salvador Dali=popular surrealist painter and poets; Andre Breton,Paul Eluard; The Lost Generation- (1918-1930s)writers who had a sense of disillusionment with the world-many of them had just entered maturity during WW I.; F.Scott
Fitzgerald(The Great Gatsby); E.Hemingway(The Old Man and the Sea,From Whom the Bell Tolls); Dos Passos; Magic
Realism- (1935-present)-combination of dream-like imagery and fantasies with real life; Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel Garcia
Marquez(One Hundred Years of Solitude,Love in Time of Cholera); Post-War Lit.- Beat Generation- bohemian culture of sex,
drugs and Buddhism; associated with jazz; Allan Ginsberg-gave readings in coffeehouses(Howl); Jack Kerouac(On the Roadcoined the term beat); Theatre of the absurd- nihilistic and emphasizes the meaninglessness of life; Samuel Beckett(Waiting
for Godot); Angry young men- group of British male writers; created plays and fictional works which illustrated
dissatisfaction with their government and the smug middle class; term was coined by journalists; John Osborne(Look Back
in Anger); Nouveau Roman- “new novel”;rid itself of traditional novel elements like plot and character-it records experience
of sensations and thong in more neutral manner; French movement led by Alain Robbe-Grillet; Postmodernism- response
to elitist literature of high modernism; noted for its fragmented use of high and low culture, absence of tradition and
structure and world of technology and consumerism; V.Nabokov; Thomas Pynchon; Salman Rushdie; Julian Barnes; Don
DeLillo; Milan Kundera, Kurt Vonnegut; Postcolonial lit.- about or by people from former European colonies; its aim is
usually expand Western lit. and challenge the Eurocentric assumptions about race,identity; S.Rashdie(Mighnight Children);
V.S.Naipaul; Kazuo Ishiguro; Zadie Smith; Cool drama or In-yer-face drama- kind of theatre which grabs the audience by the
scruff of the neck and shakes it until it gets the message; aggressive or provocative, impossible to ignore; it implies being
forced to see something close up, having your personal space invaded
CRITICAL SCHOOLS: Russian formalism-From authors to verbal device; Towards form and technice; their main concern was
with method as the scientific basis for literary theory; Roman Jacobson, Boris Eichenbaum, Viktor Skhlovsky; New Criticism(1930s – 1940s) USA (in England: I.A. Richards, William Empson); Integration of literary works; Aesthetic objects; Opossed to
historical scholarship, historical documents; C. Brooks, J.C. Ransom, Wimsatt; focused on close reading of texts; there was
no the best method; Phenomenlogy-Edmund Husserl; World as given to consciousness; Reader-response criticism-Not
objective, experience of the reader -Making connection, filling in things left unsaid -Having readers expectations
disappointed/confirmed; Structuralism-(1960s, 1970s) Reader oriented theory -how meaning is produced; Opposition of
phenomenology ; Not Phenomenological description of consciousness – but analyses of structures!; fading common
charakter types or settings among various novels; Roland Barthes, Claude Levi Strauss, Gerard Genete, Michel Foucault;
Post-Structuralism- Barthes, Foucault; Texts create meaning; Systems are always changing; Critique of knowledge, totality,
and the subject, notions of objective knowledge and a subject able to know themselves (feminism, psychoanal., Marxism,
histoticism,deconstr.); Deconstruction-(1970s)- Jacque Derrida, US; Critique of the hiearchichal oppositions: inside/outside,
mind/body, literal/metaphorical, speech/writing, presence/absence, nature/culture, form/meaning; Meanings of texts are
multiple; Feminist theory: Deconstruct the opposition man/woman; Identity of woman, rights for women; Promotes
women writing; it shows how woman were portrayted as less valuable than men in literature throughout history; 2 modes:
(Gynocriticism, French feminism); Jacqueline Rose, Mary Jacobus, Kaja Silverman; Psychoanalysisstages:oral,anal,phallic; 3-part model of psyche:ego,superego,id; With Marxism –most powerful modern hermeneutic;
characters can be analyzed psychologically, as if they were real people; Freud, Jacques Lacan; Marxism- Louis Althusser;
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texts are analyzed as expressions of economic,sociological and politics factors; New Historicism/Cultural Materialism(1980s-1990s) Britain-Raymond Williams; USA – Stephen Greenblatt, Louis Montrose; focused on text and discourse and
adds a historical dimension to the discussion of literary texts; Post-Colonial Theory- (since 1980s);Edward Said’s
Orientalism; analyzes different aspects of human self-expression, including TV,fashion..as manifestations of cultural whole;
Queer Theory- Eve Sedgwick, Judith Butler; main project is exploring the contesting of the categorisation of gender and
sexuality; identities are not fixed; gender is part of the essential self;
GENRES: Theory of genres: Clasical vs. Modern(poetry (lyric, epic), fiction (imaginative narrative prose), drama; Subgenres
(e.g. novel, epic,comedy); 1st English novel is Robinson Crusoe; LYRIC: Ode (and its varieties: hymn)=lyrical verse written in
praise of, or dedicated to someone or something; Elegy =melancholic or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or lament
for the dead; Psalm =žalozpěvy, „music of the lyre“ ; Epigram= brief, interesting, usually memorable and sometimes
surprising statement; Aphorism =an originál thought, spoken or written in a laconic; Maxim – type of aphorism, a proverb
that describes a basic rule of conduct; Proverbs=a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which
expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity; LYRIC-EPIC: Ballad – a form of verse,
populár poetry and song from the later medieva period until 19th century; Idyll =a short poem, descriptive of rustic life;
Letters (=epistolary novel), written as a series of documents; Epistle – 1st French novel (Nebezpečné známosti = Valmont,
directed by M. Forman), epistyle of St. Paul, is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant
and formal didactic letter; Limerick =Irish, fiixed structure –5 lines, kind of a witty, humorous, or nonsence poeme, strict
rhyme scheme (AABBA); Dialogue, philosophical dialogue – is a literary and theatrical form consisting of a written or
spoken conversational exchange; EPIC: Long epic : The epic or heroic epic =it's long narratives Poem of Myth, History, Story
of any Legendary Hero; Mock heroic epic – typically satires or parodies that mock common Classical stereotype sof heroes
and heroic literature; Beast epic(= bajka) – usually a short story or poem in which animals talk; Novel =book of long
narrative in literary prose, picaresque novel =the adventurous of a roguish hero of low social class, epistolary novel=novel
written as a series of documents, stream of consciousness/impresionistic novel, historical, philosophical,
autobiographical, Bildungsroman= literary genre which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist
from youth to adulthood, roman nouveau -experiments with styles in each novel; anti-novel – any experimental work of
fiction that avoids the familiar conventions of the novel, utopian novel (J. Orwell) –creation of an ideal Word, science
fiction novel -genre dealing with imaginary; Medium length: novellete, novella – refers back to the production of short
stories that remained part of a European oral culture of storytelling; Short story =work of fiction that is usually written in
prose; fabliau and exemplum – moral anecdote; legend – a short episodic narrative performed in a conversational mode;
myth(with supernatural power) – main characters are supernatural heroes; Short: Fable=fictional story that illustrates
animals in a moral lesson; Fabliau (porter than fable)= comic, often anonymous tale written by jongleurs; Parable
(=podobenství,alegorie, most stories is in Bible)-illustrates one or more instructive principles; Fairy tale=story featuring
folkloric characters, children´s story; Anecdote – a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person;
Transitional genres: Essay – a piece of writing which is often written from an author´s personal point of view;
Review/critique – an evaluation of a publication; Pamphlet – is an unbound booklet; Non-fiction =form of any narrative,
account, or other communicative work whose assertions and descriptions are underwood to be fact; Memoira/
biography= genre forming a subclass of autobiography, is autobiographical writing;
HERO´S JOURNEY: archetype=pattern; Carl Jung-a collective unconscious; Jungs’s distinction:(= types of archetype):
Primordial (we are born with images, it´s innate)-Universal(symbols); Archetypes: two categories:
characters(hero,outsider,lovers,scapegoat), situations/symbols(task,quest=hledání, gloss of innocence,
initiation,water=očista-symbolize rebirth); monomyth- The Hero’s Journey by Joseph Campbell (1949); Star Wars, Lion King,
Matrix, Avatar -> based on monomyth; DEPARTURE: (= to undertake the journey)- the call to adventure -supernatural aid
(magician); INITIATION: Road of the Trials (hero is tested by 3 tasks) -Woman as Temptress (= pokušitelka, temptation of
life) -Atonement with the Father (confrontation with someone, usually a male person) - Ultimate Boon (hero achieves a
goal, it´s something spiritual/ transendental, ex:immortality); RETURN: (from the journey)-Refusal of the Return (hero does
not want to come back, in Czech „hloupý Honza“) -Master of the Worlds (balanced personality between 2 worlds)
ANALYSIS OF POEM : Lines(verš), stanzas(strofa,sloka)= is a unit within a larger poem; foot= division or unit of verse, each
with one strong stress and one or more weak stresses; Rhythm: combination (switching) of stressed and unstressed
syllables; 4 prosodic systems: Quantitative; Accentual; Syllabic; Accentual-syllabic prosody(number of syllables, number of
stresses; důraz):- iambic pentameter (pětistopý jamb) u- lehká doba, ex: to´day; - trochee(-consisting of a stressed syllable
followed by an unstressed one) - -u, ex:standard; - dactyl – -uu(=sttessed+2 unstressed), ex: poetry; - anapaest(antidactyl)consists of 2 short syllables followed by a long one: uu– ;ex: disengage; - spondee – ex: hotdog// Monosyllabic foot
(short,sort); Monometer= line of verse with just 1 metrical foot(Thus I; Passe by,And die), dimeter, trimester, tetrameter,
pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, octameter; Irregular metrics- The sun/ rise gun/, with its ho/low roar/;
Scansion/scanning= way to mark the metrical patterns of a line of poetry. In classical poetry, these patterns are based on
the different lengths of each vowel sound, and in English poetry, they are based on the different stresses placed on each
syllable; Blank verse = type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme (always iambic pentameter)
scanned as follows:When to/ the ses/sions of/ sweet si/lent thought/; Free verse/verse libre= various styles of poetry that
are written without using a strict rhyme scheme (any regular structure); Rhyme= repetition of similar sounds in two or
more words; Perfect rhyme/rich/true= when the later part of the word or phrase is identical sounding to another: sky" and
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high" , "green" and "spleen"; Near rhyme/slant/partial/approximate=consonance (shoda) on the final consonants of the
words involved; End rhymes: spelling rhyme (above, dove),imperfect rhyme (ring, striking, spot parrot),unaccented rhyme
(matter, lover),half-rhyme (will-, buil-),assonant (neznělý) rhyme (above-skull; eye-sight), consonant rhyme (gate- mat, onestone, plan-unknown); Internal/middle rhymes=rhyme that occurs in a single line of verse: While I nodded, nearly napping,
suddenly there came a tapping.; Initial/alliteration rhymes (first letter of the world are same); Stanzas: One-line
stanzas/Two-line (couplets): closed couplets, heroic couplets (a-a-b-b)/Three-(triplets)/ Four(quatrains)-the ballad stanza/
Five(quintets)(e.g. limerick: a-a-b-b-a)/ Six( sextets) (e.g. Italian/Petrarchan sonnet)/ Seven(septets)(e.g. rhyme royal –
Chaucer, Shakespeare)/ Eight(octaves)/ Nine (e.g. Spenserian stanza, type of sonet)/ More than nine stanzas: ballads,
sonnets; Sonnets:– fixed structure – 14 lines; The Italian/Petrarchan – no heroic caplet, 2 x quatrains, 2nd quatrain ends and
starts 6 more lines with důvody, enclosing (inresting) rhyme,m iambic pentameter; The English/Shakespearean – heroic
caplet( last two lines summarize the sonet) + 3 x quatrains, alternating rhyme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg, iambic pentameter
(Shall I – stressed );Rondel=14 lines(4+4+6); rondelet= brief French form, It consists of one stanza, made up of seven lines.
The word is the diminutive (zdrobnělina)of rondel, a similar, longer verse form.; Rondeau-15 lines (5+4+6) written on two
rhymes; roundel; Enjambement /run-on verse/run-on line (= přesah, from French)= breaking of a syntactic unit (a phrase,
clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two verses; Caesura: pause in a line in the middle, audible pause that
breaks up a line of verse (=přerývaný verš)
FIGURES OF SPEECH: Image=artifact, or has to do with a two-dimensional ,that has a similar appearance to some subject—
usually a physical object or a person; Epithet =descriptive word or phrase accompanying or occurring in place of the name
of a person or thing, which has become a fixed formula; Oxymoron-combines two normally contradictory terms; Metaphor
=language that directly connects seemingly unrelated subjects Metonymy- thing is not called by its own name, but by the
name of something intimately associated with that thing or koncept; Synecdoche -a term denoting a part of something is
used to refer to the whole thing, or a term denoting a thing (a "whole") is used to refer to part of it; Personification;
Catachresis ("abuse") is to use an existing word to denote something that has no name in the current language; Hyperbole;
Litotes-certain statement is expressed by denying its opposite; Euphemism=substitution of an agreeable or less offensive
expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener (=zjemneni); Irony -there is
discordance between what one says or does and what one means or what is generally underwood; Sarcasm is a form of
irony that is bitter or cutting; Pun=form of word play that deliberately exploits ambiguity between similar-sounding words
for humorous or rhetorical effect; Allegory =figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than the literal
RHETORICAL FIGURES: Aposiopesis -a sentence is deliberately broken off and left unfinished to be supplied by the
imagination, giving an impression of unwillingness or inability to continue; Antithesis -denotes a direct contrast to the
original proposition; Allusion -makes a reference to a place, event, literary work, myth, either directly or by implication;
Paradox= statement that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; SYNTACTIC FIGURES: Anacoluthon can be loosely defined as a change of syntax within a sentence; Asyndeton-conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a
series of related clausus; Polysyndeton =use of several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be
omitted; Parenthesis; Zeugma -describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with a single common verb or
noun; Ellipsis -indicate an intentional omission of a word or a phrase from the original text; Anaphora is emphasizing words
by repeating them at the beginnings of neighboring clausus; Pleonasm =use of more words than necessary to express an
idea clearly; Climax -words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importace; FIGURES OF SOUND:
Cacophony - unpleasantness of the sound; Euphony - Pleasantness or beauty of the sound; Assonance is refrain of vowel
sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences;Consonance; Onomatophoia; OTHERS: Blasphemy = use of
the name of one or more gods, in a manner which is considered objectionable by a religious autority; Colloquialism is an
expression not used in formal speech or writing; Diminutive=formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root
meaning; Dialect =variety of a language; Discourse =written or spoken communication or debate" or "formal discussion or
debate; Denouement =end of a book, when everything is explained; Denotation =actual meaning of a word; Double
entendre =fig. of speech in which a spoken phrase is intended to be understood in either of two ways; Exemplum=moral
anecdote; Echo= reflection (repetition) of a sound; Episode=part of a sequence of a body of work; Hermeneutics =study of
interpretation theory; Homonym -same spelling -different meanings; Homograph- same spelling but have different
meanings and pronunciation; Innocent eye=type of narrator who is thus naive; Intertextuality – text referring to another
text; Leaflet = Pamphlet; Literariness=sum of special linguistic and formal properties that distinguish literary texts from
non‐literary texts, according to the theories of Russian Formalism; Leitmotif =recurring musical theme, associated with a
particular person, place, or idea; Meter (or metre) is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse; Pejorative (term of abuse or
term of disparagement), as a noun, means a word or phrase that implies disapproval or contempt and is meant to be
insulting, impolite, or unkind; Pastoral= literature, art and music which depicts the life of shepherds; Parody -created to
mock (zesměšňovat); Quotation=repetition of one expression as part of another one; stream of consciousness=narrative
mode
INTERPRETATION: Hamlet: he delays because of his fixation to his mother (Oedipus complex); son could not visit mothers
bedroom, because it is intimate place; he wants his fathers death; Refusal to mourn the death: 1)biblical life,earlierNaver
until mankind making (never until is the contradtiction) ….2)early beginning on the
mankind(Zeus,Moses..)..3)Now/present…4)question, what is adequate?... After the first (there is another, second, third)
death there is no other. –tone and atmosphere is dark; Sonnet XX: mastrer-mistress of my passion, womans gentle heart,
false womans fashion; there are 9 references to women/female pronoun and only 4 to men; Shakespeare as a participant in
the homosexual act; if he is addressing a man, this brings the reader the idea of homosexuality
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PERIODS AND MOVEMENTS: Old English-(8.century); in British Isles lived Anglosaxon and Judes; Beowulf-poem witten in Anglos.language; 1.british king=Alfred the Great-he
supported Anglos.language; croniques written by monks; Middle English- (1066-1500)after Norman Conquest of England; ballads,romances,allegorical poems,religious plays;
G.Chaucer(The Canterbury Tales); William Caxton-brought print to England; Elizabethan era- (1558-1603)-Queen Elizabeth I.; Oliver Cromwell; W.Shakespeare-theatre Globe
(King Lear,The Merchant of Venice); F.Bacon(New Atlantis); Ben Jonson(The Alchemist);Edmund Spenser(The Faerie Queene); Englihtenment,Neoclassicism- (1660-1790);
englit-reason, liberty and technological progress, age of reason, nonfiction; essays and philosophical treatises by Thomas Hobbes(Le viathan), J.Locke, Rousseau, Decartes;
“Neo” means new, new version of the classical works of ancient Greece.Balance and order; John Dryden; Alexander Pope(transl.of Homer); J.Swift(Gullivers Travels); J.Milton
(Paradise Lost); Gothic fiction- (1764-1820)-mysterious,brooding settings and plots-much like today´ s horror stories; Horace Walpole(Castle of Otranto); E.Allan Poe(The Black
Cat); Romanticism- (1798-1832)-a response to the restrains and scientific approach; romantics loved imagination, subjectivity, the romance of nature and spontaneity; J.Austen
(Pride and Prejudice); William Blake(Songs of Innocence); Lord Byron(Don Juan,Childe Harolds Pilgrimage); Samuel Taylor Coler idge; P.B.Shelley(Prometheus Unbound);
William Wordsworth(The Prelude); Nathaniel Hawthorne(The Scarlet Letter); Herman Mellvile(Moby-Dick); Transcedentalism- (1835-1860)-focused on the individuals conscience
and rejection of materialism in favour of becoming closer with nature; Thoreau(Walden); Emerson(Self-Reliance); Realism- (1830-1900)-honest portrayal, depicts ordinary life;
Honore de Balzac; Ch.Dickens(The Advantures of Oliver Twist); George Elliot; Gustave Flaubert(Madame Bovary); Leo Tolstoy; Victorian Era- (1832-1901)-strict conservative
views on sex.religion and science; Charlotte Brontë(Jane Eyre); Anthony Trollope; Ch.Dickens;G.Elliot; William Makepeace Thackeray(Vanity Fair); Thomas Hardy(Jude the
Obscure); poets: Robert Browing, Elizabeth B.Browing,Alfred Lord Tennyson, nonfiction writers: Walter Pater, Charles Darwin(T he Origin of Species); Naturalism- (1865-1900)- a
more intense,detailed version of realism in order to suggest that social conditions and our enviroment were inevitable in shaping our human character; Emile Zola(The Kill);
Dreiser; Stephen Crane; Experimental Lit.- Bloomsbury Group- (1906-1930)-informal group consisted friends and lovers lived in Bloomsbury area of London and have great
influence on liberalizing British culture; John M.Keynes, Clive Bell, Roger Fry, Lytton Strchey, Virginia Woolf, E.M.Forster; Modernism- (1920s)-broke with traditional aspects of
Western covnetions; James Joyce(Ulysses);T.S.Elliot(The Waste Land); V.Woolf(Mrs.Dalloway); Marcel Proust(In Search of Lost T ime); Surrealism- (1920-1930s)-primarily
occurred in France-Salvador Dali=popular surrealist painter and poets; Andre Breton,Paul Eluard; The Lost Generation- (1918-1930s)- writers who had sense of disillusionment
with the world-many of them had just entered maturity during WW I.; F.Scott Fitzgerald(The Great Gatsby); E.Hemingway(From Whom the Bell Tolls); Dos Passos;
CRITICAL SCHOOLS: Russian formalism-From authors to verbal device; Towards form and technice; their main concern was with method as the scientific basis for literary
theory; Roman Jacobson, Boris Eichenbaum, Viktor Skhlovsky; New Criticism-(1930s – 1940s) USA (in England: I.A. Richards, William Empson); Integration of literary works;
Aesthetic objects; Opossed to historical scholarship, historical documents; C. Brooks, J.C. Ransom, Wimsatt; focused on close reading of texts; there was no the best method;
Phenomenlogy-Edmund Husserl; World as given to consciousness; Reader-response criticism-Not objective, experience of the reader -Making connection, filling in things left
unsaid -Having readers expectations disappointed/confirmed; Structuralism-(1960s, 1970s) Reader oriented theory -how meaning is produced; Opposition of phenomenology ;
Not Phenomenological description of consciousness – but analyses of structures!; fading common charakter types or settings among various novels; Roland Barthes, Claude Levi
Strauss, Gerard Genete, Michel Foucault; Post-Structuralism- Barthes, Foucault; Texts create meaning; Systems are always changing; Critique of knowledge, totality, and the
subject, notions of objective knowledge and a subject able to know themselves (feminism, psychoanal., Marxism, histoticism,deconstr.); Deconstruction-(1970s)- Jacque Derrida,
US; Critique of the hiearchichal oppositions: inside/outside, mind/body, literal/metaphorical, speech/writing, presence/absence, nature/culture, form/meaning; Meanings of texts
are multiple; Feminist theory: Deconstruct the opposition man/woman; Identity of woman, rights for women; Promotes women writing; it shows how woman were portrayted as
less valuable than men in literature throughout history; 2 modes:(Gynocriticism, French feminism); Jacqueline Rose, Mary Jacobus, Kaja Silverman; Psychoanalysisstages:oral,anal,phallic; 3-part model of psyche:ego,superego,id; With Marxism –most powerful modern hermeneutic; characters can be analyzed psychologically, as if they were
real people; Freud, Jacques Lacan; Marxism- Louis Althusser; texts are analyzed as expressions of economic,sociological and politics factors; New Historicism/Cultural
Materialism- (1980s-1990s) Britain-Raymond Williams; USA – Stephen Greenblatt, Louis Montrose; focused on text and discourse and adds a historical dimension to the
discussion of literary texts; Post-Colonial Theory- (since 1980s);Edward Said’s Orientalism; analyzes different aspects of human self-expression, including TV,fashion..as
manifestations of cultural whole; Queer Theory- Eve Sedgwick, Judith Butler; main project is exploring the contesting of the categorisation of gender and sexuality; identities are
not fixed; gender is part of the essential self;Others:Exemplum=moral anecdote; Echo= reflection (repetition) of a sound; Episode=part of a sequence of a body of work;
Hermeneutics =study of interpretation theory; Homonym -same spelling -different meanings; Homograph- same spelling but have different meanings and pronunciation;
Innocent eye=type of narrator who is thus naive; Intertextuality – text referring to another text; Leaflet = Pamphlet; Meter (or metre) is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse;
Pejorative (term of abuse or term of disparagement), as a noun, means a word or phrase that implies disapproval or contempt and is meant to be insulting, impolite, or unkind;
Pastoral= literature, art and music which depicts the life of shepherds; Parody -created to mock (zesměšňovat);
Magic Realism- (1935-present)-combination of dream-like imagery and fantasies with real life; Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel Garcia Marquez(One Hundred Years of Solitude,Love
in Time of Cholera); Post-War Lit.- Beat Generation- bohemian culture of sex, drugs and Buddhism; associated with jazz; Allan Ginsberg-gave readings in coffeehouses(Howl);
Jack Kerouac(On the Road-coined the term beat); Theatre of the absurd- nihilistic and emphasizes the meaninglessness of life; Samuel Beckett(Waiting for Godot); Angry young
men- group of British male writers; created plays and fictional works which illustrated dissatisfaction with their government and the smug middle class; term was coined by
journalists; John Osborne(Look Back in Anger); Nouveau Roman- “new novel”;rid itself of traditional novel elements like plot and character-it records experience of sensations and
thong in more neutral manner; French movement led by Alain Robbe-Grillet; Postmodernism- response to elitist literature of high modernism; noted for its fragmented use of high
and low culture, absence of tradition and structure and world of technology and consumerism; V.Nabokov; Thomas Pynchon; Salman Rushdie; Julian Barnes; Don DeLillo; Milan
Kundera, Kurt Vonnegut; Postcolonial lit.- about or by people from former European colonies; its aim is usually expand Western lit. and challenge the Eurocentric assumptions
about race,identity; S.Rashdie(Mighnight Children); V.S.Naipaul; Kazuo Ishiguro; Zadie Smith; Cool drama or In-yer-face drama- kind of theatre which grabs the audience by the
scruff of the neck and shakes it until it gets the message; aggressive or provocative, impossible to ignore; it implies being forced to see something close up, having your personal
space invaded HERO´S JOURNEY: archetype=pattern; C.Jung-a collective unconscious; Jungs’s distinction:(= types of archetype):Primordial (we are born with images, it´s
innate)-Universal(symbols); Archetypes: two categories: characters(hero,outsider,lovers,scapegoat), situations/symbols(task,quest=hledání, gloss of innocence, initiation,
water=očista-symbolize rebirth); monomyth- The Hero’s Journey by Joseph Campbell (1949); Star Wars, Lion King, Matrix, Avatar -> based on monomyth; departure:(= to
undertake journey)- the call to adventure -supernatural aid (magician); initiation: Road of the Trials (hero is tested by 3 tasks) -Woman as Temptress (= pokušitelka) -Atonement
with the Father (confrontation with someone, usually a male person) - Ultimate Boon (hero achieves a goal, it´s something spiritual/ transendental, ex:immortality); return:(from
the journey)-Refusal of the Return (hero does not want to come back,-Master of the Worlds (balanced personality between 2 worlds) INTERPRETATION: Hamlet: he delays
because of his fixation to his mother (Oedipus complex); son could not visit mothers bedroom, because it is intimate place; he wants his fathers death; Refusal to mourn the
death: 1)biblical life,earlierNaver until mankind making (never until is the contradtiction) ..2)early beginning on the mankind(Zeus,Moses)..3)Now/present… 4)question, what is
adequate?... After the first (there is another, second, third) death there is no other. –tone and atmosphere is dark; Sonnet XX: mastrer-mistress of my passion, womans gentle
heart, false womans fashion; there are 9 references to women/female pronoun and only 4 to men; if he is addressing a man, this brings the reader the idea of homosexuality
GENRES: Theory: Clasical vs. Modern(poetry (lyric, epic), fiction (imaginative narrative prose), drama; Subgenres (e.g. novel, epic,comedy); 1st English novel=Robinson Crusoe;
LYRIC: Ode (hymn)=lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something; Elegy =melancholic poem, especially a funeral song or lament for the dead; Psalm,
„music of the lyre“ ; Epigram= brief, interesting, usually memorable statement; Aphorism =an originál thought, spoken or written in a laconic; Maxim – type of aphorism, a
proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct; Proverbs=a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the
practical experience of humanity; LYRIC-EPIC: Ballad=form of verse, populár poetry and song from the later medieva period until 19th century; Idyll =short poem, descriptive of
rustic life; Letters (=epistolary novel), written as a series of documents; Epistle – 1st French novel,writing directed or sent to a person usually an elegant and formal didactic
letter; Limerick =Irish, fiixed structure –5 lines, kind of a witty, humorous, or nonsence poeme, strict rhyme scheme (AABBA); Dialogue, philosophical dialogue= form
consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange; EPIC: Long epic : The epic or heroic epic =it's long narratives Poem of Myth, History, Story of any Legendary Hero;
Mock heroic epic – typically satires or parodies that mock common Classical stereotype sof heroes and heroic literature; Beast epic(= bajka) – usually a short story or poem in
which animals talk; Novel =book of long narrative in literary prose, picaresque novel =the adventurous of a roguish hero of low social class, epistolary novel=novel written as a
series of documents, stream of consciousness/impresionistic novel, historical, philosophical, autobiographical, Bildungsroman= literary genre which focuses on the
psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood, roman nouveau -experiments with styles in each novel; anti-novel – any experimental work of fiction
that avoids the familiar conventions of the novel, utopian novel (J. Orwell) –creation of an ideal Word, science fiction novel -genre dealing with imaginary; Medium length:
novellete, novella – refers back to production of short stories that remained part of a European oral culture of storytelling; Short story=work of fiction that is usually written in
prose; fabliau and exemplum=moral anecdote; legend=short episodic narrative performed in a conversational mode; myth(with supernatural power)–main characters are
supernatural heroes; Short:Fable=fictional story that illustrates animals in a moral lesson; Fabliau (porter than fable)=comic, often anonymous tale written by jongleurs; Parable
(=podobenství, most stories is in Bible)-illustrates one or more instructive principles; Fairy tale=story featuring folkloric characters, children´s story; Anecdote – a short and
amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person; Transitional genres: Essay – a piece of writing which is often written from an author´s personal point of view;
Review/critique – an evaluation of a publication; Pamphlet – is an unbound booklet; Non-fiction =form of any narrative, account, or other communicative work whose assertions
and descriptions are underwood to be fact; Memoira/ biography= genre forming a subclass of autobiography, is autobiographical writing
ANALYSIS OF POEM : Lines(verš), stanzas(strofa,sloka)= is a unit within a larger poem; foot= division or unit of verse, each with one strong stress and one or more weak
stresses; Rhythm: combination (switching) of stressed and unstressed syllables; 4 prosodic systems: Quantitative; Accentual; Syllabic; Accentual-syllabic prosody(number of
syllables, number of stresses; důraz):- iambic pentameter (pětistopý jamb) u- lehká doba, ex: to´day; - trochee(-consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one) - u, ex:standard; - dactyl – -uu(=sttessed+2 unstressed), ex: poetry; - anapaest(antidactyl)- consists of 2 short syllables followed by a long one: uu– ;ex: disengage; - spondee – ex:
hotdog// Monosyllabic foot (short,sort); Monometer= line of verse with just 1 metrical foot(Thus I; Passe by,And die), dimeter, trimester, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, hepta,
octa; Irregular metrics- The sun/ rise gun/, with its ho/low roar/; Scansion/scanning= way to mark the metrical patterns of a line of poetry. In classical poetry, these patterns are
based on the different lengths of each vowel sound, and in English poetry, they are based on the different stresses placed on each syllable; Blank verse = type of poetry,
distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme (always iambic pentameter) scanned as follows:When to/ the ses/sions of/ sweet si/lent thought/; Free verse/verse libre=
various styles of poetry that are written without using a strict rhyme scheme (any regular structure); Rhyme= repetition of similar sounds in 2 or more words; Perfect rhyme/rich
/true= when the later part of the word or phrase is identical sounding to another: sky" and high" , "green" and "spleen"; Near rhyme/slant/partial/ =consonance (shoda) on the final
consonants of the words involved; End rhymes: spelling rhyme (above, dove),imperfect rhyme (ring, striking, spot parrot),unaccented rhyme (matter, lover),half-rhyme (will-, buil),assonant (neznělý) rhyme (above-skull; eye-sight), consonant rhyme (gate- mat, one-stone, plan-unknown); Internal/middle rhymes=rhyme that occurs in a single line of verse:
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping.; Initial/alliteration rhymes (first letter of the world are same); Stanzas: One-line stanzas/Two-line (couplets):
closed couplets, heroic couplets (a-a-b-b)/Three-(triplets)/ Four(quatrains)-the ballad stanza/ Five(quintets)(e.g. limerick: a-a-b-b-a)/ Six( sextets) (e.g. Italian/Petrarchan sonnet)/
Seven(septets)(e.g. rhyme royal – Chaucer, Shakespeare)/ Eight(octaves)/ Nine (e.g. Spenserian stanza, type of sonet)/ More than nine stanzas: ballads, sonnets; Sonnets:–
fixed structure – 14 lines; The Italian/Petrarchan–no heroic caplet, 2 x quatrains, 2nd quatrain ends and starts 6 more lines with důvody, enclosing (inresting) rhyme, iambic
pentameter; The English/Shakespearean – heroic caplet( last two lines summarize the sonet) + 3 x quatrains, alternating rhyme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg, iambic pentameter (Shall I
– stressed );Rondel=14 lines(4+4+6); rondelet= brief French form, It consists of one stanza, made up of seven lines. The word is the diminutive (zdrobnělina)of rondel, a similar,
longer verse form.; Rondeau-15 lines (5+4+6) written on 2 rhymes; roundel; Enjambement /run-on verse/run-on line (= přesah, from French)= breaking of a syntactic unit by the
end of a line or between two verses; Caesura: pause in a line in the middle, audible pause that breaks up a line of verse (=přerývaný verš)
FIGURES OF SPEECH: Image=artifact, or has to do with a two-dimensional ,that has a similar appearance to some subject—usually a physical object or a person; Epithet
=descriptive word or phrase accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a person or thing, which has become a fixed formula; Oxymoron-combines two normally
contradictory terms; Metaphor =language that directly connects seemingly unrelated subjects Metonymy- thing is not called by its own name, but by the name of something
intimately associated with that thing or koncept; Synecdoche=term denoting a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing, or a term denoting a thing (a "whole") is used
to refer to part of it; Personification; Catachresis ("abuse") is to use an existing word to denote something that has no name in the current language; Hyperbole; Litotes-certain
statement is expressed by denying its opposite; Euphemism=substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something
unpleasant to the listener (=zjemneni); Irony -there is discordance between what one says or does and what one means or what is generally underwood; Sarcasm is a form of
irony that is bitter or cutting; Pun=form of word play that deliberately exploits ambiguity between similar-sounding words for humorous or rhetorical effect; Allegory =figurative
mode of representation conveying a meaning other than the literal RHETORICAL F: Aposiopesis -a sentence is deliberately broken off and left unfinished to be supplied by the
imagination, giving an impression of unwillingness or inability to continue; Antithesis -denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition; Allusion -makes a reference to a place,
event, literary work, myth, either directly or by implication; Paradox= statement that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; SYNTACTIC F.: Anacoluthon can be loosely defined as a change of syntax within a sentence; Asyndeton-conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clausus; Polysyndeton =use of several
conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted; Parenthesis; Zeugma -describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with a single common
verb or noun; Ellipsis -indicate an intentional omission of a word or a phrase from the original text; Anaphora is emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginnings of
neighboring clausus; Pleonasm =use of more words than necessary to express an idea clearly; Climax -words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importace;
F. OF SOUND: Cacophony-unpleasantness of the sound; Euphony - Pleasantness or beauty of the sound; Assonance is refrain of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming
within phrases or sentences;Consonance; Onomatophoia; OTHERS: Blasphemy = use of the name of one or more gods, in a manner which is considered objectionable by a
religious autority; Colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech or writing; Diminutive=formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning;
Dialect =variety of a language; Discourse =written or spoken communication or debate" or "formal discussion or debate; Denouement =end of a book, when everything is
explained; Denotation =actual meaning of a word; Double entendre =fig. of speech in which a spoken phrase is intended to be understood in either of two ways;
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