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Miss Sauer Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function Lesson 2: How are cells specialized? (Pages A52-A63) Circulatory System: organ system that carries oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes. Hormones: the chemical message that travels through the blood and carries special information for certain cells. Endocrine System: controls the body’s metabolic activity & secretes different types of hormones into the blood stream. Nervous System: controls movements and other organ systems. What is the nervous system? The nervous system is the highway along which your brain sends and receives information about what is happening in the body and around it. This highway is made up of billions of nerve cells, or neurons (say newrons) which join together to make nerves. A nerve is a fibre that sends impulses through the body. These fibres are covered by fatty substance called myelin (say my-e-lin). Myelin helps the messages go fast through the neurons. Nerve cells work by a mixture of chemical and electrical action. The two main parts of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral (say per-if-er-al) nervous system. Organs: two or more types of tissue that work together to perform a function. Musculoskeletal System: the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form. Respiratory system - the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing. Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe. Remember, that Respiration = Breathing. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide. Parts of the respiratory system Lungs The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide which is a waste gas product produced by our cells. The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale. Contents Trachea The trachea (TRAY-kee-uh} is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi. Contents Bronchi The bronchi (BRAHN-ky) are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs. Contents Diaphragm Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm (DY-uh-fram). When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it contracts it flattens out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the lungs are in. This larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing. Digestive system Digestive System: breaks down food. Tissue: group of cells with a common structure and function. Lesson 3: How does disease affect cells? (Pages A64-A73) Immune System: an organ system that fights disease and foreign agents. Infectious Disease: a disease caused by organisms or viruses. Non-infectious Disease: a disease caused by malfunction of an organ system. ***Know examples of both infectious & non-infectious diseases.*** DISSECTIONS: Dissection: Earthworm Functions: Crop - stores food Gizzard – grinds food Anus – removes wastes Dissection: Frog Frogs tongues are attached at the front of their mouths. Functions: Heart - pumps blood and nutrients throughout the body Lungs – allows for breathing