Download Urine pregnancy test kit

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF
SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
“A
DESCRIPTVE STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE
REGARDING URINE PREGNANCY TEST KITS
AMONG REPRODUCTIVE WOMEN OF AGE 18-45 YEARS
IN SELECTED AREAS AT TUMKUR WITH A VIEW TO
DEVELOP AN INFORMATION PAMPHLET’’
SUBMITTED BY:-
Mrs. LAVANYA R S.
I YR. M.Sc. NURSING
OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY
NURSING
SHRIDEVI COLLEGE OF NURSING
TUMKUR
2011-2013
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
ANNEXURE – II
SYNOPSIS PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND
Mrs. LAVANYA R S
ADDRESS
SHRIDEVI COLLEGE OF
NURSING, SIRA ROAD
TUMKUR
2
NAME OF THE INSTITUTE
SHRIDEVI COLLEGE OF
NURSING
3
COURSE OF STUDY & SUBJECT
1ST YEAR M.Sc. NURSING
OBSTETRICS AND
GYNAECOLOGY NURSING
4
DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE
1-10-2011
5
TITLE OF THE TOPIC
“A DESCRIPTVE STUDY TO
ASSESS KNOWLEDGE
REGARDING
URINE
PREGNANCY TEST KITS
AMONG
REPRODUCTIVE
WOMEN OF AGE 18-45 YEARS
IN SELECTED AREAS AT
TUMKUR WITH A VIEW TO
DEVELOP AN INFORMATION
PAMPHLET”
6. Brief Resume of the Intented Work
Introduction
“Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central
part of human development”
Effective confirmation of pregnancy is a basic component of reproductive
health services. It is a prerequisite the pregnancy is wanted and abortion services if
the pregnancy is unwanted. 1
The minute think you are pregnant can confirm this with the use of a home
pregnancy test. This can be purchased at drug stores even without prescription
from your Doctor. Urine pregnancy test kits measure HCG or the human chorionic
gonadotropin, it is a hormone found in the urine. 2
HCG PREG KIT is a rapid card immunoassay designed for the qualitative
detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in female urine sample for early
detection of pregnancy. 2
Early Antenatal care presentation is associated with improved health
outcomes for mother and child, including decreased maternal mortality/morbidity,
decreased risk of pregnancy loss, and decreased neonatal mortality/morbidity.2
Detection of pregnancy at an early stage prompts women to take measures
that can benefit the fetus as well as mother. The prenatal care includes avoiding
harmful drugs, exertion and stress. The obese and diabetic pregnant can improve
conditions of co – morbidity which are harmful for the fetus (Philips, 2007). In
detection of pregnancy there are some symptoms (amenorrhoea, nausea and
vomiting, breast enlargement and tenderness, urinary frequency, fatigue, food
cravings, blotting and constipation) which give an indication of a probable
pregnancy .However, these signs are not sufficiently reliable to diagnose are
exclude a definite pregnancy. 3
The only one way to confirm the pregnancy for sure is by urine Pregnancy
Test kit. The urine pregnancy kits were introduced in the year 1975 and as of now
over a dozen and a half different brands are available in the market. They are very
popular and work by detecting human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) in the urine
using immunometric assay methods. About 2 weeks after the conception, HCG is
produced by the trophoblast cells of the fertilized ovum (blastocyst) and is
available in the urine. The hormone can be detected when sufficient levels are
available. The test is performed 7-10 days after missing the period in order to
ensure minimal amounts of falls negative test. The UPT test kit involves placing
urine on a prepared chemical strip and waiting for 1 or 2 minute for the strip to
show the result. 3
Jennifer Moodley (2006) conducted to assess the Knowledge of pregnancy
testing and timing of presentation for care Overall, about half of women
spontaneously mentioned urine pregnancy testing as a way for a woman to detect a
pregnancy, but almost all had heard of urine pregnancy testing when asked
directly. However, most women did not know that a urine pregnancy test could
detect a pregnancy at about two weeks after a missed period. About half of women
thought that a urine pregnancy test could only be detect pregnancy greater than two
months after a missed period. 4
6.1 Need for the study
Urine pregnancy testing is inexpensive, not staff intensive and logistically
simple to implement. The implementation of urine pregnancy testing services has
the potential to improve both maternal and neonatal health by decreasing
gestational age at presentation for Antenatal care and abortion services among
women who are pregnant, as well as by channeling non-pregnant women who wish
not to become pregnant into contraceptive care. 4
.
A situation as sensitive as pregnancy must be handled in private. This is one
of the primary reasons why more women opt for home pregnancy tests. They also
prefer the convenience of home test kits. With these kits, just a drop of urine on the
chemical strip can indicate whether they are expecting or not. 5
Pregnancy tests are widely used both by the public and by healthcare
professionals. All tests depend on the measurement of human chorionic
gonadotrophin (HCG) in urine. Other pregnancy-specific materials have been
proposed as pregnancy tests but none can better the sensitivity and convenience
offered by immunoassay of HCG. 5
Overall, about half of women spontaneously mentioned urine pregnancy
testing as a way for a woman to detect a pregnancy, but almost all had heard of
urine pregnancy testing when asked directly. However, most women did not know
that a urine pregnancy test could detect a pregnancy at about two weeks after a
missed period. About half of women thought that a urine pregnancy test could only
be used to detect pregnancy greater than two months after a missed period.3
The most common error with HPT kit is negative result because of timing of
the performance of the test. Many users do not have any idea about the variability
of the intervals between the cessation of menses, ovulation, fertilization,
implantation and production of sufficient HCG. If the test is performed too soon
after the expected onset of menses, the result might be erroneous. Furthermore the
accuracy of the test is greatly affected by the users, technique and interpretation.3
Awareness of the eligible women about urine pregnancy test kit and its use
by either themselves or someone known to them. The data suggests that the
awareness of urine pregnancy test kit was very poor among the surveyed women as
less than 9 percent of them reported being aware of the same. Among those who
were aware of urine pregnancy test Kit, a little more than half knew that it was
available free in the public health facility and nearly 33 percent reported that either
they or someone known to them had used the same before the survey date. 6
Concurrent evaluation of NRHM (national rural health mission) Kerala
report (2009) conducted a study to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding
pregnancy test kit and its use either by themselves or someone known to them. The
study selected reproductive women in selected districts from Kerala. Interview was
done to collect the data in both English and Malayalam language. The result
revealed that 8% of women were aware of pregnancy test kit. Among those who
were aware of urine pregnancy test, 45% of women reported that they had alone
conducted the test where as 57% of women reported that they did it with the help
from others. The study concluded that there was a lack of awareness regarding
pregnancy test kit among reproductive women. 7
There is no better time now to create awareness and impart knowledge for
better utilization of urine pregnancy test kit. Being an investigator would like to
utilize this opportunity to impart the knowledge regarding urine pregnancy test kit.
The reproductive women are unaware and less knowledge regarding urine
pregnancy test kit. Being an investigator would like to assess the knowledge of
reproductive women regarding urine pregnancy kit and update their level of
knowledge by providing information pamphlet.
6.2 Review of literature
The purpose of review of literature is to obtain comprehensive knowledge
base and in the department of information from previous studies.
Dr. Saroshe Satish (2011) conducted study to assess the level of knowledge
of rapid home pregnancy test kit among reproductive women of age group 18-45
years in hatod. Study subjects were identified using Interpersonal interview
sessions were held about rapid pregnancy detection kit. The results revealed that
58.53% of the total women who used rapid home pregnancy test kit , 71.9% had
registered for the ANC in less than 20 weeks & 54.8% underwent institutional
delivery. The study concluded that Urine based pregnancy detection kit is a
definite method of early diagnosis of pregnancy which ultimately leads to early
ANC registration & Institutional delivery. 8
Al-Hasan (2011) conducted a study to investigate the knowledge of
purchase and use of urine pregnancy test kit. The study selected 120 (known users
of urine pregnancy test kit) attending a family clinic. The data was collected by
interview. The result obtained showed that majority of the users are ignorant of
reasons for using urine pregnancy test kit relevance of the kit, as compared to the
routine self reported testing, importance of early recognition of pregnancy
advantages and draw backs of the kit, the existence of different brands of kit,
confidence on the test results. The study concluded that reproductive women had
less knowledge regarding utilization of urine pregnancy test kit. 3
Dr satish (2011) conducted a study to assess the level of awareness and
knowledge and practice regarding use of rapid home pregnancy test kit. The study
was conducted among randomly selected 200 newly married women with no
history of previous pregnancy. The study was conducted in jurisdiction area of
Indora district. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The result
revealed that among 200 studied subjects 82 (41%) used the pregnancy test kit
while 118 (59%) consulted with qualified medical practitioner to confirm their
pregnancy. The study concluded that pregnancy detection kit was definite method
of early diagnosis of pregnancy. 8
Renee E.Sieving (2010) conducted a study to assess the knowledge and
awareness among reproductive women. The study selected 564 subjects attending
the clinic for reproductive health. The data was collected by questionnaire. Result
reveal that most subjects (560) knew about home pregnancy test, when the subjects
were asked to identify all other resources of information about home pregnancy
test, they most commonly reported television (86%), store displays (73%), and
friends (61%). The study concluded that women are having knowledge regarding
urine pregnancy test kit by the influence of mass media. 10
Adejoke B Ayoola (2009) conducted a study to determine home pregnancy
test utilization among women at risk of unintended pregnancy. Participants were
35 women aged 18-39 years from a Medicaid population who were having
unprotected intercourse who were not trying to conceive. . The results reavled that,
62% of participant used the home pregnancy test kit, . The study concluded that
the most of the women who are at risk of untended pregnancy are having less
knowledge regarding home pregnancy test kits among women.10
Concurrent evaluation of NRHM (national rural health mission) Kerala
report (2009) conducted a study to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding
pregnancy test kit and its use either by themselves or someone known to them. The
study selected reproductive women in selected districts from Kerala. Interview was
done to collect the data in both English and Malayalam language. The result
revealed that 8% of women were aware of pregnancy test kit. Among those who
were aware of urine pregnancy test, 45% of women reported that they had alone
conducted the test where as 57% of women reported that they did it with the help
from others. The study concluded that there was a lack of awareness regarding
pregnancy test kit among reproductive women. 7
Concurrent evaluation of NRHM (national rural health mission)
Lakshadweep report (2009) conducted a study to assess awareness and
knowledge regarding urine pregnancy test kit among eligible women in different
area of Lakshadweep. The data was collected by questionnaire. The result revealed
that knowledge and awareness of urine pregnancy test kit was very poor among
surveyed women as less than 9% of them. Reported being aware of the urine
pregnancy test kit among them 79% of women said that they have alone conducted
the test whereas, 21% reported that they did it with the help from others. The study
concluded that the reproductive women’s knowledge regarding urine pregnancy
test kit were very poor. 6
Chelsea Morroni (2006) conducted a study to assess Knowledge of urine
pregnancy testing among public sector ANC and abortion clients in Cape Town,
South Africa. The data was collected by questionnaire. The results revealed that
Women's knowledge of the appropriate time in pregnancy to make the first health
service visit was low: 86% (n = 136) in the AnC sample and 48% (n = 79) in the
abortion sample thought the first visit should be made at three months of
pregnancy . The study concluded that Given the proven major clinical benefit and
public health impact of early presentation for Antenatal care and abortion services,
strategies to decrease gestational age at presentation for pregnancy care, such as
the increased use of urine pregnancy testing, should be given priority. The study
concluded that Women's knowledge of the appropriate time in pregnancy to make
the first health service visit was low: 4
Hellerstedt (1999) conducted a study on newly married women to assess the
knowledge regarding urine pregnancy test kit. The study selected 470 subjects in
reproductive health clinic. The data was collected by questionnaire. The women
were asked about the first thing they would do if they suspected they were
pregnant : 347 (73%) reported that they would contact a health care provider for a
pregnancy test, 74 (13%) reported that they would see a home pregnancy test. The
other subjects responded that they were not sure what they would do if they were
pregnant. The study concluded that most of the women select clinics for
confirmation of pregnancy rather than home pregnancy test kit. 10
Maricia (1998) conducted a study to estimate prevalence of home
pregnancy test among women. The study was conducted in 11 urban antenatal
clinics in Minneapolis. The study selected 600 females. The data was collected by
questionnaire. The result revealed that prevalence of home pregnancy test use was
50% and remaining 50% women had never used such test. The study concluded
that, almost half those women are having knowledge and awareness regarding
home pregnancy test kit. 10
Alison (1987) conducted a study to obtain information about the use of
home pregnancy test kit by college student. The study selected 1000 women. The
data was collected by questionnaires. 761 (76.1%) questionnaires were completed
and returned. Results revealed that approximately 1 out of 6 respondents (17.2%)
have use a pregnancy test kit at least once, of those who had used a test kit. The
majority did so because of the speed or confidentiality of obtaining results. The
study concluded that most of the women use the pregnancy test kit for the purpose
of detecting the pregnancy confidentially. 10
The reproductive women are unaware and less knowledge regarding urine
pregnancy test kit. Being an investigator would like to assess the knowledge of
reproductive women and update their level of knowledge by providing information
pamphlet.
Statement of the problem
A descriptive study to assess knowledge regarding urine pregnancy test kit
among reproductive women of age 18-45 years in selected areas at Tumkur with a
view to develop an information pamphlet.
6.3 Objectives of the study
1. To assess the knowledge of reproductive women regarding urine pregnancy
test kit.
2. To find out the association between demographic variables with knowledge
scores of reproductive women in selected areas regarding urine pregnancy
test kit.
3. To develop and distribute information pamphlet.
6.4 Operational Definition
1. Assess: To determine the knowledge of reproductive women of age 18-45
years regarding urine pregnancy test kit by using questionnaire.
2. Knowledge: In this study knowledge refers to the correct response given
by reproductive women to the questionnaire regarding urine pregnancy test
kit in selected areas at Tumkur.
3. Urine pregnancy test kit: In this study it refers to a test carried out by
reproductive women in order to confirm her pregnancy by inoculating
urine on a strip which works on the principle of rapid card immunoassay. It
is available in all medical stores.
4. Reproductive women: In these study reproductive women refers to
married women between the age group of 18-45 years, residing at selected
areas of tumkur.
5. Selected Area: Geographical area where people are living in and around
tumkur.
6. Information pamphlet: In this study information pamphlet refers to
systematically prepared health package which includes information
regarding early diagnosis of pregnancy by urine test.
6.5 Research Hypothesis
H1: There is a significant association between selected demographic variables with
knowledge scores of reproductive women in selected areas at Tumkur.
6.6 Assumptions
- Information pamphlet enhances the knowledge regarding urine
pregnancy test kit among reproductive women.
6.7 Delimitations
- The study is delimited to reproductive women (18-45 years) in selected
areas at Tumkur
- The study is limited to a sample of 100 from selected areas at Tumkur.
- This study cannot be generalized.
6.8 Pilot study
The pilot study will be conducted on Reproductive women 18-45 years, 10
from selected areas. The purpose of the pilot study is to find out the feasibility of
conducting study and design on plan of statistical analysis. The findings of the
pilot study samples will not be included in the main study.
6.9 Variables
Research variables are the concepts of various levels of abstractions that are
entered, manipulated and collected in a study.
Demographic variables: Age, family type, socio-economic status, present
occupation, educational status, income of family, gravida of mother etc.
Dependent variables: Knowledge of reproductive women who are residing in
selected areas at Tumkur regarding Urine pregnancy test kit.
7. Materials and methods of the study
This study is designed to assess the knowledge regarding Urine pregnancy
test kit among reproductive women at selected areas of Tumkur.
7.1 Sources of Data
The data will be collected from reproductive women residing in selected
areas at, Tumkur.
7.1.1 Research Design
Research design is selected for the present study is descriptive design.
7.1.2 Research approach
A survey approach will be used.
7.1.3 Research setting
The study will be conducted in selected areas at Tumkur.
7.1.4 Population:
The population of the present study includes reproductive women aged
about 18-45 years and are residing in selected areas at Tumkur.
7.2 Methods of data collection
The data collection procedure will be carried out for a period of 3 months.
The study will be initiated after obtaining prior permission from the concerned
authorities.
Phase 1: The data will be collected from reproductive women residing in selected
areas on knowledge regarding Urine pregnancy test kit by using self administered
questionnaire.
7.2.1 Sampling technique
Simple random sampling technique will be used for the present study.
7.2.2 Sample size
The sample size consists of 100 reproductive women (18-45 years) from
selected areas of Tumkur.
Criteria for Sample Collection
7.2.3 Inclusive Criteria
o Reproductive women aged 18-45 years, residing in selected areas at
Tumkur.
o Reproductive women who can understand English and Kannada.
7.2.4 Exclusive criteria
 Who are not willing to participate in the study.
 Who are not available during data collection.
 Who are unmarried.
7.2.5 Tools for data collection
The structured questionnaire is used to collect the data from reproductive
women.
The structured questionnaire format contains question of the following
sections.
Section A: Questions related to demographic variables
Section B: Questions which aims to assess the knowledge related to Urine
pregnancy test kit.
7.2.6 Plan for data analysis
The data collected will be analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential
statistics.
Descriptive statistics
Mean standard deviations and mean percentage of subjects will be used to
analyze the level of knowledge regarding Urine pregnancy test kit.
Inferential statistics
 ‘t’ test is used to assess the knowledge of reproductive women residing in
selected areas of Tumkur.
 The chi square test will be used to find out the association between socio
demographical variables and knowledge score.
7.2.7 Time and duration of the study
The time and duration of the study will be limited to 3 months or as per
guidelines of university.
7.3
Does the study required any investigation or intervention to be conducted on patient
or other human or animal? If so, please describe briefly.
No, since the study is descriptive study, interventions are not required.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution?
Yes, the pilot study and main study will be conducted after the approval
from the research committee. Permission will be obtained from the concerned head
of the area. The purpose and details of the study will be explained to the study
subjects and an informed consent will be obtained from them. Assurance will be
given to the study subjects on the confidentiality and anonymity of the data
collected from them.
8. List of Reference
1. The role of urine pregnancy testing in facilitating access to antenatal care and abortion
services in South Africa: a cross-sectional study
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/6/26
2. Taking a Home pregnancy Test: www.just4mommy.com/home-pregnancy-test
3. M.I. Al-Hassan , 2011. Qualitative Determination of Pregnancy by Home Pregnancy Test
Kit: A Survey on Purchase and Use of Kits in Saudi Community.
http://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=rjmsci.2011.224.227
4. The role of urine pregnancy testing in facilitating access to antenatal care and abortion
services in South Africa: a cross-sectional study :
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/6/26
5. Pregnancy test a review : http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/5/701.short
6. Lakshadweep : http://nrhm-mis.nic.in/ui/reports/CER1FactSheets/Lakshadweep.pdf
The concurrent evaluation of National Rural Health Mission in Lakshadweep covered in
4 districts.
7. Kerala : http://nrhm-mis.nic.in/ui/reports/CER1Reports/Kerala.pdf
The concurrent evaluation of National Rural Health Mission in Kerala covered in
4 districts.
8. ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS REGARDING RAPID HOME
PREGNANCY TEST KITS AMONG NEWLY MARRIED WOMEN AND THEIR
UTILIZATION OF RCH SERVICES : www.njcmindia.org/home/download/206
9. http://www.whijournal.com/article/S1049-3867%2809%2900031-0/abstract
10. Prevalence
of
home
pregnancy
Read More: http://ajph.aphapublications.org
testing
among
reproductive
women
1
Signature of the candidate
2
Remarks of the guide
3
3.1 Name & Designation of the guide
Shridevi College of Nursing
Tumkur.
3.2 Signature
3.3 Co-Guide (if any)
3.4 Signature
3.5 Head of the Department
Shridevi College of Nursing
Tumkur.
3.6 Signature
4
4.1 Remarks of the Principal
4.2 Signature