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CHAPTER 13 Cultural Exchange and Survival Contact and domination – Acculturation – Westernization – influence of Western expansion on other societies – Destruction, domination, resistance, survival, adaptation, and modification of local cultures may follow interethnic contact Development and environmentalism Religious change – Religious proselytizing can promote ethnocide – Political ideology of a nation-state may oppose traditional religion (e.g., Soviet empire) – Governments may also use their power to advance a religion (e.g., Islam in Iran or Sudan) Antimodernism – Antimodernism: rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life – Barber (1992, 1995) argues tribalism and globalism are the two key – and opposed – principles of our age – In antimodern movements, social solidarity often is achieved through exclusion, separation, and opposition Resistance and survival – Oppressed people always resist in some nonpublic way – Methods of curbing resistance: • Hegemony • Convincing subordinates that they will eventually gain power • Isolating subordinates and supervising them closely – Weapons of the Weak (Scott) Cultural imperialism – Spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys • Mass media Making and remaking culture – Popular culture – Indigenizing popular culture World system of images • Electronic mass media can spread, and even help create, national and ethnic identities Transnational culture of consumption • Contemporary global culture is driven by flows of people, technology, finance, information, and ideology People in motion – Today, people are traveling more than ever Indigenous peoples – Term and concept indigenous people gained legitimacy through international law – Cultural Exchange and Survival – Essentialism Continuance of diversity – Anthropology has crucial roles to play: • Promoting a more humanistic vision of social change • Increasing respect for the value of human biological and cultural diversity • Increasing understanding of similarities and differences among humans throughout the world