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STARTER: Describe one way human activity affects either the water cycle, carbon cycle, or the nitrogen cycle. Setting up your notes (Use 8x14 paper) The Water Cycle (pg. 371) The Carbon Cycle (pg. 372) The Nitrogen Cycle (pg. 373) The Nitrogen Cycle (pg. 373) The Carbon Cycle (pg. 372) The Water Cycle (pg. 371) Setting up your notes CYCLING IN THE ECOSYSTEM Foldable-Notes pp. 371-374 DEFINITIONS Ecosystem: an environment where the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things affect one another Biogeochemical process: circulation of substances through living organisms and the environment WATER CYCLE (pg. 371) WATER CYCLE (pg. 371) Evaporation: water vapor enters the atmosphere WATER CYCLE (pg. 371) Transpiration: evaporation of water through the leaves of plants WATER CYCLE (pg. 371) Precipitation: water vapor that leaves the atmosphere Ex: Rain, Snow, Sleet, Hail WATER CYCLE (pg. 371) Human Effects/Influences: Building cities prevents water from reaching groundwater stores (increases runoff) Pollutants in air mix with water vapor to create acid rain CARBON CYCLE (pg. 372) CARBON CYCLE (pg. 372) Photosynthesis: converting light energy into glucose (C6H12O6) CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 CARBON CYCLE (pg. 372) Cellular respiration: breaks down sugar to release energy and CO2 is released into atmosphere (C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O + ATP) CARBON CYCLE (pg. 372) Combustion: burning of fossil fuels for energy releases CO2 CARBON CYCLE (pg. 372) Human Effects/Influences: Deforestation reduces amount of producers that can perform photosynthesis NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Nitrogen (N) is an essential component of DNA, RNA, and proteins, the building blocks of life. 70% of atmosphere is nitrogen, but it is not in a ready-to-use form (triple bond too hard to break) NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) N2 gas must first be converted into a useable form such as ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-). Nitrogen Fixation (N2 --> NH3 or NH4+) NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Nitrogen fixation (biological): bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) to usable form, NH3 (ammonia) NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Nitrogen fixation (environmental): Highenergy natural events which break the bond N2 Examples: lightning, forest fires, hot lava flows NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Ammonification: decomposers break down wastes (urine, feces, death) to NH3 NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Nitrification: bacteria convert NH3 to nitrates (NO3-) i.e. like fertilizers NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Assimilation: plants absorb nitrate to make amino acids (enters food chain!) NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Denitrification: bacteria return nitrogen to atmosphere (NO3- N2) NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Human Effects/Influences: FERTILIZERS! Extra nitrogen fertilizer can runoff, where it contaminates surface water or infiltrates into ground water. In drinking water, excess nitrogen can lead to cancer in humans and respiratory distress in infants. NITROGEN CYCLE (pg. 373) Human Effects/Influences: In surface waters, extra nitrogen can lead to nutrient over-enrichment This leads to fish-kills, harmful algal blooms, and species shifts in aquatic and land ecosystems.