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Test #10 VUS. 15 Around the same time that African Americans were trying to gain civil rights in America, so were American women At first, the women’s liberation movement and civil rights movement for African Americans were together Women had gained some rights over the years, but were still treated very differently than men Women were getting jobs, but being paid less than men for completing the same work “Pink collar” jobs a job that is stereotypically considered to be women's work Nurse, babysitter, waitress, etc. 1963: Betty Friedan wrote the Feminine Mystique The book ridiculed the notions that women were only suited for low paying jobs Also challenged the idea the idea that women could only be judged as wives and mothers The book changed many women’s outlooks about marriage, childbearing, and work Not all women agreed with Friedan’s book Betty Friedan “Glass Ceiling” The term "glass ceiling" has been thought to have first been used to refer to invisible barriers that impede the career advancement of women in the American workforce 1963: the Equal Pay Act was passed The Act said that women should receive equal pay of men for doing the same work The civil rights legislation of 1964 also addresses some women’s issues Outlawed the discrimination in employment based on gender and race Women became an increasingly large percentage of America’s labor force Many working women were also mothers This created a need for affordable day care Many women’s liberation movement members helped to found NOW (National Organization for Women) NOW fought for equal pay and equal rights for women NOW also began to campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution (ERA) ERA would ban discrimination based on gender ERA failed to gain enough support to be added to the Constitution ERA passed both houses of Congress, but it was not ratified by the states Many felt ERA would lead to a direct breakdown of the family Notable women: Sandra Day O’Connor was the first woman to serve on the United States Supreme Court Sally Ride was the first female astronaut in the United States Sandra Day O’Connor Roe v. Wade Decided in 1973 Gave women more freedom Made it legal for women to get abortions Roe v. Wade video The US felt it was behind the Soviet Union in missile technology After the Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957, the US will create NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) NASA was an attempt by the US to catch up to the Soviets in missile and space technology In the early 1960s, President Kennedy pledged increased support for the American space program Kennedy challenged the US to try and get to the moon by the end of the 1960s (Kennedy's Race to the Moon reference Video) The race to the moon continued through the 1960s U.S. astronaut John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth In 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first person to step onto the moon’s surface He proclaimed, “That’s one small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.” One Small step video John Glenn Neil Armstrong America’s space program under NASA flew several missions to the moon NASA has also benefited from better technology to help with space exploration The Space Shuttle (now retired) allowed for a single craft to leave earth, return, and be used for future missions Voyager missions—2 satellites used to study Jupiter and Saturn, and then the rest of the solar system Hubble Space Telescope allows scientists to peer deeper into the universe Mars rover traveled on the surface of Mars collecting data Voyager spacecraft Hubble Telescope Mars Rover Changes have also occurred in Communications, some thanks to NASA Over the past three decades, improved technology and media have brought about better access to communication and information for businesses and individuals in both urban and rural areas Many more Americans have access to global information, global viewpoints, and global products Satellites—provide better communication, access to more television programming, etc. Cable and Sat TV: More access to information GPS (Global Position System) Personal communication devices—PDA, Cell Phone, Smart Phone, etc. Personal computers—widespread access Internet (world wide web) Changes in work, school, and health care in recent decades Telecommuting—work at home using a computer to link with your office via the internet Online coursework—earn a degree by taking college courses online Growth of Service Industries—those who work with the growing technologies Breakthroughs in medical research to help Americans live healthier and longer 1955: Dr. Jonas Salk created the polio vaccine Before the vaccine, polio was considered the most frightening public health problem of the post-war United States (after 1945) Salk was the American born child of Russian immigrants Dr. Jonas Salk There are some negatives to advances in technology and changes in work Outsourcing American companies hiring overseas to fill jobs and services Possible through new communications Many help lines for American companies are located in India Offshoring An American company builds a factory overseas Cheaper labor Advancements in technology have caused our planet to shrink Immediate information at anytime World competition has kept prices low 1963: Pres. Kennedy, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Banned nuclear testing above ground, under water, and in outer space Détente: an attempt to make better relations with the Soviet Union Created by Pres. Richard Nixon Nixon believed creating better relations with the Soviets and China would benefit the U. S. Opened up new markets for US goods Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 was part of Détente Kennedy signing the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty SALT: 1972, Pres. Nixon and the Soviet Premier (Brezhnev) signed the SALT agreement SALT: Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty SALT limited the number of certain types of nuclear weapons Allowed each nation to monitor the other’s stockpile of nuclear weapons SALT helped to ease the tensions between the US and Soviet Union OPEC: Problems in the Middle East in the 1970s will affect the United States The US was (and still is) heavily dependent on oil from the Middle East 1960—5 oil producing nations formed OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) OPEC was designed to coordinate oil production OPEC set prices and regulated the production of oil Had a monopoly over the price and availability of oil in the world 1973: the US supported Israel in the October War (Yom Kippur War) Since the US was helping Israel, OPEC placed an embargo on oil to the US Caused a shortage of gasoline and oil products in the US Pres. Jimmy Carter and Congress began passing laws to help with the conservation of oil and gas Regulations on fuel consumption for automobiles, etc. The embargo was lifted in 1974 PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) After WWII, the Allies created the Jewish state of Israel Many Palestinian Muslims lived in Israel and were opposed to the creation of the Jewish nation The PLO wanted to create an independent state (nation) of Palestine, separate from Jewish Israel Camp David Accords (Pres. Jimmy Carter): Egypt and Israel were bitter enemies They had fought 4 major wars with each other up until 1973 1978: the president of Egypt—Anwar al-Sadat– announced he wanted to make peace Pres. Carter of the US saw an opportunity to make peace between Egypt and Israel 1979: at Camp David the Egyptian President and Israeli Prime Minister signed the Camp David Accords Established a peace between Israel and Egypt Persian Gulf War : 1990: Iraq invaded Kuwait Iraq took over vital oil fields in Kuwait The US will send the US military to free Kuwait and the oil fields from Iraqi control 28 nations joined in to help the US Kuwait was quickly freed, but the Iraqi leader will escape capture Conservatives (Republicans): Believe in cuts in government spending Reduced government regulation of business Tax cuts for the wealthy Reduction in the number and scope of government programs and regulations Liberals (Democrats): believe in increased government spending Increased government regulation of business Favor a greater role for the government in addressing social problems Using government money to help address social problems Tax increases on the wealthy Government and Money: Government promotes a healthy economy characterized by full employment and low inflation through the actions of: Monetary policy decisions control the supply of money and credit to expand or contract economic growth—controlled by the Federal Reserve Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and revenue collection (taxation) to influence the economy—controlled by the President and Congress Reaganomics (“Regan Revolution”): Refers to the economic policies promoted by Pres Ronald Reagan during the 1980s Shrink down the size of the Federal Government Reduce Growth of Government spending Tax Cuts Reduce Government regulation Control the money supply to reduce inflation Strengthening the military to put pressure on the Soviets to end the Cold War Appointment of judges who exercised “judicial restraint”— let the constitution speak for itself Transfer the responsibility of government back to the state governments Reagan advocated supply-side economics Also called trickle-down economics Tax cuts at the top will allow money to trickle down to the people The Regan Revolution will extend past his office Three Supreme Court decisions from the 1960s dealt with a person’s right to legal Counsel Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Established that people accused of a crime have the right to a lawyer, even if they cannot afford one Escobedo v. Illinois (1964): A person has the right to a lawyer from the time of arrest or when one becomes the subject of a criminal investigation Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Required that accused people be informed of their right to a lawyer and their right not to testify against themselves Miranda Rights Video Engle v. Vitale (1962): This court case dealt with religion in schools Said that school initiated prayer was unconstitutional Student initiated prayer are still allowed, however 1969: Pres. Nixon took office The White House had lots of power Presidents will use their power to get things done Nixon will just go too far Nixon had an inner circle of men that held lots of power, but made Nixon isolated 1971: a list of enemies was put together for Nixon Over 200 names were on the list Nixon asked the FBI to spy on the people on his list Nixon was afraid that the anti-Vietnam movement might undo his presidency Nixon ordered his “secret police” to open people’s mail and tap their phones They would also break into homes and offices to search for information CREEP: In 1972, Nixon was up for re-election To ensure a victory, Nixon put John Mitchell in charge of his campaign Mitchell created the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) Mitchell launched a massive illegal fund raising campaign Raised $60 million Much of the money was used to pay for “dirty tricks” against the Democratic party Plumbers: Nixon was afraid that the media would expose his illegal campaign activities CREEP created a special investigations group called the Plumbers Plumbers were to keep security leaks from happening Jan `971: G. Gordon Liddy (a CREEP Plumber) devised a plan to break into the Democratic National Committee headquarters They were to copy documents and wiretap phones Would allow Nixon to keep tabs on the Democrats election strategies G. Gordon Liddy June 17, 1972: CREEP members broke into the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate complex The plan did not go well 2 reporters were told of the break in at the Watergate complex Bob Woodward Carl Bernstein The 2 reporters began to investigate the break in Woodward and Bernstein Nixon denied that the Whitehouse had any involvement in the break in Nixon will win the 1972 election, but things will quickly go bad 1973: the Watergate burglars went on trial One suspect said the Whitehouse had lied about not knowing about the plan U. S. Senate investigated the break in Senate hearings were televised The hearings revealed that Nixon had bugged the Whitehouse The Senate ordered Nixon to turn over the Whitehouse recordings Nixon refused on the principle of Executive Privelege Nixon will eventually release transcripts of the tapes The House Judiciary Committee started working on articles of Impeachment—bringingcharges against the President The House recommended to impeach Nixon August 5, 1974 Nixon handed over the Whitehouse tapes 1974: Nixon will resign as president Watergate Scandal Video New immigrant groups have increased American diversity and redefined American identity Immigration to the United States has increased from many diverse countries, especially Asian and Latin American countries Reasons for Immigration Political freedom from oppressive governments (Cambodians from the 1970’s and Modern Haitians) Refugees from devastating wars (Southern Europe as well as Africa) Economic opportunity through jobs Effects of Immigration Strain on government services Filling low-paying jobs in the United States Many immigrants take very low paying jobs that other Americans will not Border issues Many immigrants enter the US illegally Terrorism threat Pathway to citizenship Immigrants wanting to become American Citizens Bilingual education Offering courses in school in 2 or more native languages ESL—English as a second language courses Many in the US believe all immigrants should learn and only speak English Increasing cultural diversity Contributions of Immigrants Diversity in music, the visual arts, and literature Roles in the labor force Immigrants do jobs that others cannot or will not do Achievements in science, engineering, and other fields made by immigrants Immigrant worker in tobacco field Nuclear Proliferation the spread of nuclear weapons and weaponsapplicable nuclear technology and information to nations which are not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States“ More nations—some questionable—now have nuclear technology Nuclear Proliferation Treaty a treaty to limit the spread (proliferation) of nuclear weapons Designed in an attempt to limit nuclear weapons to help create more world peace The treaty came into force on 5 March 1970 Terrorism In recent years, terrorism has become a major problem After the 9/11 attacks on the United States, the US government began taking steps to confront and combat terrorism We have more heightened security at home with the Patriot Act Dramatically reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records Eased restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States Allows the government to use nearly any means necessary to track and search for terrorists Patriot Act Video The Office of Homeland Security was also created A cabinet department of the US federal government Primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the United States and protectorates from and responding to terrorist attacks, man-made accidents, and natural disasters Works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within, at, and outside its borders Its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism The US has also responded to terrorism through diplomatic and military initiatives Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan Trying to instill Democratic (American) ideals in many Arab nations Trying to create better relationships with potentially dangerous nations
