Download Temperate deciduous forest

Chapter 21 Ecosystems
Section 1 Vocabulary Pretest
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9.
Biome
Tundra
Permafrost
Tropical forest
Canopy
Epiphyte
Coniferous tree
Deciduous tree
Temperate
deciduous forest
A. Treeless biome of the northern
hemisphere
B. Tree with needles and cones
C. Large region of Earth that has
characteristic kinds of organisms
D. Broad-leaf tree that loses its leaves
E. Plants that grow on trees for more
sunlight
F. Dense vegetation in treetops
G. Permanently frozen ground
H. Wettest land biome
I. Biome of Pennsylvania
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Taiga
J.
Temperate grassland K.
Savanna
Chaparral
L.
Desert
Driest land biome
Grassland biome with dense,
spiny shrubs and sparse
coniferous trees
Grassland biome with fertile
farming soil
M. Grassland biome of Africa
N. Biome with mostly
coniferous trees
Answer Key
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14.
Biome
Tundra
Permafrost
Tropical forest
Canopy
Epiphyte
Coniferous tree
Deciduous tree
Temperate deciduous forest
Taiga
Temperate grassland
Savanna
Chaparral
Desert
C
A
G
H
F
E
B
D
I
N
L
M
K
J
What is a Biome?
Biome—a large region of the earth that has
characteristic kinds of organisms.
Identified by their dominant plant life and
distinctive groups of animals.
Biomes are determined by climate—
average yearly rainfall and temperature.
Land Biomes and their Climates
Biome
Ave. Yearly Rainfall
Ave. Yearly Temp.
Tundra
less than 25 cm
-26oC to 12oC
.
Tiaga
35-75 cm
-10oC to 14oC
.
Temperate
forest
75-125 cm
6oC to 28oC
.
Tropical forest 200-450 cm
20oC to 34oC
.
Grasslands
25-75 cm
0oC to 25oC
.
Savanna_______75-150 cm_______________16oC to 34oC____.
Chaparral_____less than 25 cm__________10oC to 18oC____.
Deserts
less than 25 cm
24oc to 40oC
.
Biome Map
The Tundra
Tundra—treeless biome across
northern N. America, Europe, and
Asia. (covers 1/5 of world’s land
surface).
Characteristics
Cold temperatures
Little rainfall
Long, cold winters with little or no daylight
Short, cool summers with 24 hours of daylight
One meter of soil thaws in summer. The rest stays
permanently frozen--permafrost
Plants of the Tundra
Extreme cold, a short
growing season, and
shallow soil allow
very few plants to
grow in the tundra.
Most common are
grasses, mosses,
sedges and lichens.
No trees!!!
Animals of the Tundra
Most common: caribou, reindeer, musk oxen and snowy owls.
Small mammals include the Arctic fox, Arctic hare, wolves,
and snow shoe rabbits.
Ducks and geese nest there in the summer do to large swarms
of black flies and mosquitos found at the ponds formed from
snowmelt
Taiga
Taiga—broad region south of the
tundra made up of cone-bearing
trees (Conifers). Also called the
boreal or coniferous forest. Lies
between 50oN and 60oN latitude.
Characteristics:
Long, cold winters. Snow
covers the ground, insulating
and protecting tree roots from
freezing
Short summers
Nutrient-poor soil
Plants of the Taiga
Conifers have needleshaped leaves with a
waxy coat to protect
them from freezing
and water loss.
Examples: spruce, fir,
and pine trees.
Animals of the Taiga
Many large and small animals including: moose, black
bear, wolves, deer, squirrels, lynx, chipmunks, eagles and
migratory birds.
Some can stay year round, others must migrate.
Some hibernate 6-8 months out of the year.
Coniferous Forests of N. America
Ecologists recognize three areas of
coniferous forests in North America:
Taiga—northern Canada and Alaska
Spruce-moose belt —south of the taiga,
covering most of Canada and Northern U.S.
Southern Pine Forest —covers most of
southeastern U.S.
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Deciduous Forest —located south of taiga, it is the
dominant biome of the eastern U.S. and Europe.
Characteristics:
Four distinct seasons
Cold winters/Warm summers
Rain unevenly distributed
throughout the year
Trees that lose their leaves
Plants of the Deciduous Forest
Many kinds of broadleafed trees that lose their
leaves seasonally
(deciduous).
Loosing leaves prevents
water loss during winter.
Examples: maples, oaks,
chestnuts and elms.
Animals of the Deciduous Forest
A deciduous forest supports
a large number of different
kinds of animals.
Examples: deer, foxes,
raccoons, skunks, rabbits,
bears, reptiles, amphibians,
many insects and birds.
Many of these will migrate
to warmer climates during
the winter.
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Rainforest —located near the equator (between
23.5oN and 23.5oS latitude).Support more than ½ of all plant
and animal species on Earth.
Characteristics:
Warm all year with at least 200 cm of rain/year
Trees do not lose their leaves, creating a dense canopy that
supports much of the animal life
Very diverse: one hectare (2 football fields) of rainforest has
about 300 different species of trees: Deciduous forest (12)
Plants of the Rainforest
Rainforest plants
require several
adaptations to survive
in the hot, humid and
wet conditions of the
rainforest:
Thin, smooth bark
limits growth of other
plants on the trees.
Climbing vines can be
rooted in the ground
and draped over tall
trees to reach sunlight.
Leaves with drip tips to
allow excess water to
fall off; preventing
fungus growth.
Buttresses and stilt
roots give tall trees
stability in shallow,
wet soil.
Epiphytes (plants that
grow on trees to get
more sunlight)
Bromeliads (flowers
that trap water)
thin bark
bromeliad
Climbing
vines
stilt roots
buttress
drip leaves
epiphyte
Animals of the Rainforest
Rainforests are home to 50% of the world’s animals. The
different rainforests of the world support different
populations of animals. Since the climate is the same year
round, the animals that live there cannot tolerate changes
in temperature, light, or rain.
Examples include: parrots, monkeys, snakes, lizards,
insects, insects, insects!!!!
Grasslands
Grasslands —dominated by a variety of
grasses.
Known by different names in different parts of
the world:
•
•
•
•
Prairies in N. America
Steppes in Asia
Pampas in S. America
Veldts in S. Africa
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands-do not receive enough
rainfall (25-75cm/ yr.) to
support many trees.
Characteristics:
Hot, dry summers
Cold, snowy winters
Fertile soil ideal for farming
Dominant biome of central
U.S. (bread-basket)
Plants of the Grasslands
Many crops are grown in the grasslands
including:
Wheat
Oats
Barley
Corn
Animals of the Grassland
Many grazing
animals live in the
grasslands including:
bison, antelope,
cattle, and sheep.
Also, coyotes,
jackrabbits and
rattlesnakes are
common.
Savanna
Savanna —grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs.
Seen in Africa, South America and Australia.
Support large numbers of herbivores such as zebras,
wildebeests, giraffes, and gazelles.
Also, large carnivores such as lions, leopards, and cheetahs
Plants/animals must be able to tolerate drought conditions.
Chaparral
Chaparral—dominated
by dense, spiny shrubs
and has scattered clumps
of coniferous trees
Mild, rainy
winters/hot, dry
summers
Located primarily in
coastal regions such
as the Mediterranean
Sea and southern
California
Deserts
Desert—rainfall is less than 25 cm/ yr.
Characteristics:
Defining characteristic of all deserts is that they are dry.
The temperature of a desert is determined by its
geographic location. Many are hot during the day and
cool at night (Sahara in Africa). Others are actually
cold all the time (Gobi in Mongolia).
All deserts have great temperature changes from day to
night (days are much warmer than nights). This is
because dry air is a poor insulator and allows the heat
of the day to escape
Plants of the Desert
Some deserts have no plants.
Others have sparse
plant life including:
Tumble weed
(Russian thistle)
Joshua tree (largest
of the yucca)
Cactus and yucca
Desert flowers
Animals of the Desert
Most are small and have
evolved adaptations to solve the
heat and water problems, such
as: nocturnal activity,
estivation, dissipating heat,
retaining water and getting
water from plants. Examples:
Road runner
Jack rabbits
Kangaroo rat
Prairie dogs
Desert iguana
Section 2 Vocabulary Pretest
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Aphotic zone
Photic zone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Oceanic zone
Pelagic zone
Benthic zone
Plankton
Estuary
Eutrophic lake
Oligotrophic lake
Freshwater
wetland
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B.
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G.
Microscopic life in the ocean
Zone that is exposed to air at low tide
The open ocean
The ocean bottom
Where freshwater river meets the ocean
Lakes rich in organic matter and vegetation
Areas of land covered with freshwater for
part of the year
H. Upper zone of ocean that receives sunlight
I. Lower zone of ocean that does not receive
sunlight
J. Lakes that contain little organic matter
K. Most productive ocean zone
L. Largest zone of the ocean
Answer Key
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Aphotic zone
Photic zone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Oceanic zone
Pelagic zone
Benthic zone
Plankton
Estuary
Eutrophic lake
Oligotrophic lake
Freshwater wetland
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H
B
K
L
C
D
A
E
F
J
G
Aquatic Ecosystems
Water covers 75% of the earth’s surface.
Two main types of aquatic ecosystems:
Ocean Zones
Freshwater Zones
Ocean Zones
Oceans cover about 70% of Earth’s surface.
Average depth is 2.3 miles.
Water is 3% salt
Divided into two depth zones: Aphotic Zone (deep--no
sunlight); Photic Zone (shallow—receives sunlight)
The ocean is also divided into three zones
relative to the ocean’s edges
Intertidal Zone
Neritic Zone
Oceanic Zone
• Pelagic zone =
open ocean
• Benthic Zone =
ocean bottom
Intertidal Zone
Intertidal zone —part of the marine biome that is
underwater at high tide and exposed at low tide.
Organisms here are adapted to being exposed to
the air during part of the day. They also must
protect themselves from being hit by waves. They
include: clams, oysters, mussels and crabs
Neritic Zone
Neritic Zone —
most productive
zone in the ocean
Rich in sunlight and
plankton
Coral reefs are
located in this zone
as well as many fish.
Oceanic Zone
Oceanic zone —deepest parts of the ocean. Does not
support as much life. However, the area is so large that ½
of Earth’s photosynthesis takes place by the plankton in this
zone. Life in this zone varies with the depth.
Estuary
Estuary —occurs
where a freshwater
river flows into the
ocean. They are rich
in nutrients and
support many kinds of
organisms.
Saltwater/freshwater line visible
Freshwater Ecosystems
Two types of freshwater
zones exist:
Still-water biomes
consisting of lakes and
ponds.
Running-water biomes
consisting of streams and
rivers.
Still-water Biomes
Lakes and ponds make-up
the still-water biomes.
Algae and plankton are
abundant and support the
other animal life.
Two categories:
Eutrophic lakes —rich in
organic matter so they look
murky
Oligotrophic lakes —
contain little organic matter
so they look clearer
Running-water Biomes
The amount of dissolved oxygen
in the water determines what
kinds of organisms are found in
rivers and streams.
Fast-moving streams or
rivers are usually cool and
therefore have a lot of
dissolved oxygen. Little
plankton is available so dead
leaves and insect larva are
important sources of food. Fish
such as trout are common.
Running Water Biomes
In slow-moving
streams or rivers,
plankton is the base of
the food-chain.
Catfish and bass are
common.
Freshwater Wetlands
Freshwater Wetlands are areas
of land that are covered with
fresh water for at least part of
the year.
Include:
Marshes —containing nonwoody plants such as cattails
Swamps —containing
woody plants such as trees
and shrubs
Bogs—containing sphagnum
mosses