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Crew Resources Management Lecture 9-Stress Learning Outcomes At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: • Understand STRESS • Describe major causes of stress • Explain how to manage stress Outlines • Definition of stress • Types of Stress • Major Causes of Stress • Symptoms of Stress • Effect of stress • How to manage Stress Major Causes of Human Error in Aircraft Accidents Lack of Situational Awareness Poor Decision Making Lack of Communication Lack of Teamwork Stress Fatigue Distracted Lack of resources, and knowledge Stress –major contribution to poor CRM • In aviation, accidents almost always occur in a sequence of mistakes. • Stress is one of the first contributing factors lead into the rest causing the effect. • In order to maintain safety in aviation, stress must be managed to avoid an accident. • This is where all of human factor studies and hard work can come into play. • Depending on what particular job a person is performing in aviation, they must take steps to avoid undue stress. • Stress can be avoided by taking steps to relieve other possible factors. What is ?? Stress Definition • Stress can be defined as physical and physiological tension caused by dealing with difficult situations. • Mental, emotional or physical tension, strain or distress. (Webster, Dictionary) Stress Definition • Stress is sum of Biological reactions to our physical , mental & emotional condition tends to disturb “Body Natural Balance” • Stress also defined as a state of highly unpleasant emotional caused by overload, fear, anxiety, and anger - all of which threaten both individual performance and teamwork. How much STRESS in your life?? Cont. • At first, it is essential to begins by making personal assessment of stress in all areas of our life. • We may face: – Major stressors • E.g. loss of income, bankrupt, death of a family member, – Minor stressors • E.g. Overload in work • These major and minor stressors have a cumulative effect which constitutes our total stress adaptation capability. Stress Evaluation Cont. • The more change you have, the more likely you are to suffer a decline in health. • As a Rule of thumb, if you score over 20 checks mostly in the top half of the checklist, you have an 80 percent chance of a serious health change. • If you have about 20 checks distributed over the checklist you have about a 50 percent chance of Illness in the near future Is Stress Bad?? “Stress for Success” by Dr. Peter Hanson • Stress not is not a bad thing. A small amount of it acts as a stimulus and improved your performance. • A certain amount of stress is good because it keeps you alert and prevent complacency (too relax). e.g. Racing driver, Olympic runner, Flight crew, etc. Stress vs Performance • Slight stress is good but excessive stress lead to depression and other bad effects Stress • Stress is a term used to describe the body’s nonspecific response to demands placed on it, whether these demands are pleasant or unpleasant in nature. • The demands of the pilot can range from unexpected windshear encountered on a landing to a lost wallet. Cont. • Stress in a response to a set of circumstances that induces a change in a pilot’s current physiological and/or psychological patterns of functioning forcing the pilot to adapt to these changes. • Stress is inevitable and necessary part of life that adds motivation to life and heightens a pilot response to meet any challenge. • Performance will improve with the stress but will peak and then begin to degrade rapidly as stress levels exceed a pilot’s adaptive abilities to handle situation. Performance degrade: Pilot adaptive abilities in handling situation<level of stress Pilot Stress • In aviation, at all phases of flight, pilots are subjected to different amounts of stress; how they react when subjected to stress will ultimately make or break whether the outcome is a safe and successful flight. • The image below depicts the different amount of workload and hence stress the pilot faces during the different phases of flight. Stress/ Workload is highest during the critical junctures of flight which are taking off and landing. Effects of Stress Effects of stress As stress happen to the aircrew, it effects on the cognitive and interpersonal skills which form the basis of good CRM. – – – – – – Poor decision making Loss of situational awareness Make errors of judgment Become confused Unable to cope with increase in workload Absenteeism from work • Absenteeism : the practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason. The effects of Stress • Can result in: – Distress & Anxiety – Oppression – Affliction Body signals: • Headaches • Heartburn • Cramps • Fatigue The types of Stress Types of stress • Basically there are 2 types of STRESS CHRONIC ACUTE Long term e.g. Short term Death of some you Common love, medical problem, Small dose - thrilling family break up & exciting , keep you Accumulate stress alert day by day, year by Training Can help us year grind to withstand acute If stress remain high & stress better cannot be removed – various sickness sets in: long lasting problem Terribly Stressed? What are the major causes of stress? MAJOR CAUSES OF STRESS (3Ps stressors) • Physical Stress- associate with ENVIRONMENT noise, lack of oxygen, poor visibility, poor lighting, vibration, temperature. • Physiological stress- BODY condition e.g. fatigue, lack of physical fitness, illness • Psychological Stress– SOCIAL or EMOTIONAL factors e.g. death in the family, divorce, sick child, also related to –work overloaded, financial problem MAJOR CAUSES OF STRESS Physical Stress Noise • Noise levels in a typical cockpit are in the range 75-80 dB. • Anything above this causes stress and makes it difficult to concentrate and forces the pilot to have to strain to hear ATC instructions. • Noise levels in the hangars are also high due to hangars situated near aircraft taking off and landing, making it difficult for maintenance personnel to focus and concentrate. MAJOR CAUSES OF STRESS Physical Stress • Temperature: High temperature causing overheating of body. Low temperature build up causes the body to feel cold, weak and drowsy. • Poor visibility due to heavy fog • Poor Lightings make it difficult to read technical data and manuals while working on the aircraft. • In this situation , we will feel not comfortable and stress will come out. MAJOR CAUSES OF STRESS Physiological Stressors • Not having proper meals also result in not having enough energy and induces symptoms like headache and shaking. • Lack of sleep; Fatigued, the pilot is unable to maintain performance standards for long periods as he struggling to stay awake. • Conflicting Shift Schedules affect the body's cycle and lead to a degradation of performance. • Working long hours without any break especially at busy airports when handling multiple aircraft departing and arriving on intersecting and parallel runways. • Flying when unwell resulting in the body using more energy fighting the illness and hence less energy to perform vital tasks. MAJOR CAUSES OF STRESS Psychological Stressors • Financial problems such as impending bankruptcy and loans and to pay. • Marital problems due to divorce or strained relationships due to persistent quarreling. • Interpersonal problems with superiors and colleagues due to miscommunication or perceived competition and backstabbing. Signs of stress • Physiological symptoms - such as sweating, dryness of the mouth. • Health effects - such as nausea, headaches, sleep problems, diarrhoea, ulcers. • Mental effects - such as poor concentration, indecision, forgetfulness, anxiety, irritability, depression, moodiness. • Behavioural symptoms - such as shaking, nervous laughter, taking longer over tasks, excessive drinking How to Manage Stress Life-Stress Management 1. Become knowledgeable about stress. (e.g. effect of stress, sign of stress, causes of stress etc.) 2. Take a systematic approach to problem solving 3. Develop a life style that will avoid the effects of stress 4. Establish and maintain a strong support network. 5. Relaxation techniques; Careful regulation of sleep diet and physical exercise; Flight Stress Management • Good flight stress management begins with good life stress management. • Flight stress management checklist: 1. Avoid distraction • Avoid situations that distract us from flying the aircraft. 2. Reduce workload • Reduce our workload to reduce stress levels. This will create a proper environment in which to make good decisions. 3. Be calm • If emergency does occur, be calm. Think for a moment, find the alternatives, then act. 4. Maintain proficiency • 5. Proficiency build confidence. Familiarize ourselves thoroughly with the aircraft, its systems, and emergency procedures. Know and respect our personal limit Stress Managements • If you don’t manage stress, it will manage YOU! • STOP burning up emotional energy • LOOK rationally at the problem • LISTEN to your rational not emotional mind • ACT once you have a plan, do it ! Stress Managements • • • • Be sure the solution starts with “I” Be realistic and practical. TAKE a BREAK !! Talk to someone who is not emotionally involved with the problem. • Don’t expect miracles......just keep trying. STRESS - SUMMARY • • • • Stress is Inevitable 2 Types – Acute & Chronic Stress Effects our Physical & Mental health Stress affects our situation awareness and our decision making • We need to effectively cope with stress to be efficient • Training enhances our ability to cope-up with stress • Manage stress for health