Download Rocks vocab flashcard game

Catamaran Science
Geology Vocabulary: make flashcards for each; due: ____
Hint: make two flashcards of the vocab term with one matching definition
card, and then play the “hit me” game to practice each match.
Rock Cycle
igneous rock – a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or
below the surface.
sedimentary rock – a type of rock that forms when particles of other rocks or the
remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.
metamorphic rock – a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is
changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
magma – the molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from
the mantle.
lava – liquid magma that reaches the surface; also, the rock formed when liquid lava
hardens.
extrusive rock – igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface.
intrusive rock – igneous rock that forms when magma harden beneath Earth’s
surface.
erosion – the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered rock
or soil.
weathering – the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at the
earth’s surface.
deposition – the process by which sediment is laid down in new locations.
Cementation – the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue
particles of sediment together into one mass.
Interior Earth and Plate Tectonics
Lithosphere –a rigid layer of the earth that is made of the uppermost part of the
mantle and the crust.
plate –a section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the upper mantle (the
asthenosphere), carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust.
Core (inner and outer) –the innermost layers of the earth’s interior characterized
by highest heat energy and radioactive metals.
Mantle –the layer of hot, solid material that flows like a liquid (called plasticity)
between the outer core and the crust.
Convection currents –the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in
temperature and density, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to
another (warmer, less dense material rises, whereas cooler, denser material sinks).
Ocean trenches –a deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust
slowly sinks toward the mantle.
Mid-ocean ridge –an undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced.
Subduction –the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench
and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.
Plate boundaries
a. Divergent: plates move apart; new less dense crust is built; ex. Sea-floor
spreading at mid-Atlantic ridge.
b. Convergent: plates collide (if of same density, two plates converging can
build mountains such as Mt. Everest; if one plate is a denser plate then it
subducts under less dense one. In most cases events at this boundary type
include earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; tsunamis can also occur.
c. Transform (strike/slip): plates grind against each other and
stress/frictional energy is released as an earthquake (ex. San Andreas Fault
in CA).
Earthquakes
Epicenter: the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an
earthquake.
Anticline: an upward fold in lithospheric rock.due to compression forces; mountains
such as the Appalachians are an example.
Syncline: a downward fold in lithosphereic rock due to compression forces that
build mountains such as the Appalachians.
Faulting: breaks and cracks in lithospheric rock that results during
earthquakes when the rock moves or shears past each other as in a strike-slip.
Stress: a force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume.
Seismograph: instrument used to detect and measure earthquake waves.
Volcanoes
Viscosity – (for a liquid) the resistance to flow. i.e. the higher the viscosity, the
slower it flows or thicker it is. Low viscosity = thin, easily flowing liquid.
Cinder cone volcano- a high energy volcano that has high viscous (thick) lava
that builds around the vent, producing cinders when it erupts. The cone shape
that forms erodes over time.
Shield volcano – a low energy volcano that has sloped sides due to gentle flows
of low-viscous lava that is runny and creates the shape of a “shield” on its
side.
Composite volcano- a volcano that is sometimes highly eruptive, but it is
characterized as having lava that alternates between layers of ash and other
volcanic materials creating a tall cone-shaped mountain.