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Year 11 ATAR HUMAN BIOLOGY 2017 PROGRAM UNITS 1 & 2 NAME: __________________ RSHS 2017 ASSESSMENT OUTLINE UNIT 1 Assessment Type * Please note this outline is subject to change * Topic Schedule Microscope & Tissues Investigation Term 1, Week 3 10 Second Hand Data Investigation Term1, Week 10 10 Digestion & Lifestyle Extended Response Term 1, Week 8 7.5 Musculoskeletal System Extended Response Term 2, Week 4 7.5 TEST & EXAMINATIONS (25%) Period Zero: Cell Test (Topic 1) Period Zero: Systems Test (Topic 2 & 3) Term 1, Week 6 EXAM (40%) Semester 1 Exam SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY (20%) EXTENDED RESPONSE (15%) Weighting My Mark 12.5 Term 2, Week 2 12.5 Term 2, Weeks 6 & 7 40 UNIT 2 Assessment Type SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY (20%) EXTENDED RESPONSE (15%) Topic Schedule Weighting Cancer Investigation Term 3, Week 3 10 Hormones Investigation Term 3, Week 8 10 Protein Synthesis Extended Response Term 2, Week 10 7.5 Sexually Transmitted Infections & Contraception Extended Response Term 3, Week 10 7.5 Period Zero: DNA & Inheritance Test (Topic 5 & 6) Term 3, Week 5 12.5 TEST (25%) Period Zero: Human Reproduction Test (Topic 7) EXAMINATIONS (40%) Semester 2 Exam Term 4, Week 1 Term 4, Week 3 & 4 12.5 40 My Mark Calendar for Term 1, 2017 Week 1 Feb Monday 30 January Tuesday 31 No students Wednesday 1 February * Please note this calendar is subject to change * Thursday Friday 2 3 No students Weekend 4. 5. TOPIC #1 1a- Investigating & Microscopes Week 2 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 14. Microscopes & Tissues Investigation 10% 21. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 23. 24. 25. 26. 1b - Cells, Transport & Tissues Week 3 Week 4 13. 20. 1c - Cellular Metabolism 22. 1d - Nutrients & Enzymes Week 5 March 27. 28. 1.March 2. 3. TOPIC #2 4. 5. 2a - Digestive System Week 6 6. 7. 8. 14. 15. 9. Labour Day Week 7 13. 16. 10. PERIOD ZERO: Cells Test (Topic 1) 7.5% 17. 11. 12. 24. 25. 26. 31. 1. April 2. 2b - Excretion Week 8 20. 21. 22. 23. TOPIC #3 Digestion & Lifestyle Ext Response 7.5% Week 9 27. 28. 18. 19. 3a - Respiratory System 29. 30. 3b- Cardiovascular System Week 10 April 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. School Holidays School Holidays 10. Second Hand Data Investigation 10% 11. 12. 13. 14. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 15. 16. 22. 23. Calendar for Term 2, 2017 Monday Week 1 24. Tuesday 25. No students Week 2 May Wednesday 26. 27. Thursday 28. Friday 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Anzac Day Weekend 29. 30. 2. Week 3 1. May PERIOD ZERO: Systems Test Topics 2 & 3 10% 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Week 4 15. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Week 5 22. 16. Musculoskeletal Extended Response 7.5% 23. 24 25 26. 27. 28. Assessment Free Week Week 6 29. TOPIC #4 4 – Musculoskeletal System Assessment Free Week 30. Year 11 EXAMS Week 7 June 5. June Week 8 12. Assessment Free Week 31 Year 11 EXAMS 6. Western Australia Day Year 11 EXAMS 7. Year 11 EXAMS 13. Exam Review Assessment Free Week 1 June Year 11 EXAMS 2 8. 9. Year 11 EXAMS 14. Exam Review Assessment Free Week No students Year 11 EXAMS Year 11 EXAMS 3. 4. 10. 11. 15. 16. 17. 18. TOPIC #5 5a - DNA & Protein Synthesis Week 9 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Week 10 26. 27. 28. 29. 30 1 July 2 8. 9 15. 16. 5b - Epigenetics School Holidays School Holidays Protein Synthesis. Ext Resp 7.5% 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Calendar for Term 3, 2017 Monday Week 1 17. No students Week 2 Tuesday 18. 24. Wednesday Thursday Friday Weekend 22. 23. 19. 20. 21. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 1. August 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 17. 18. 19. 20. 24. 25. 26. 27. 5c - Mitosis, Meiosis & Cancer TOPIC #6 6a - Inheritance Week 3 August 31. Cancer Investigation 10% Week 4 7. 8. TOPIC #7 7a - Reproduction & Gametogenesis Week 5 14. 15. Week 6 21. 22. 16. PERIOD ZERO: DNA & Inheritance Test. Topic 5 & 6 12.5% 23. Week 7 September 28. 29. 30. 31. 1. September 2. 3. Week 8 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 19. Contraception & STIs. Ext Resp 7.5% 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 27. 28. 29. 3. 4. 5. 6. 30 1 7. 8. 7b - Development, Teratogens & Stem Cells 7c – Birth, changes & Breastfeeding Week 9 7b - Reproductive Cycles &Hormones 11. Hormones Investigation 10% 12. 7d - Contraception & STIs Week 10 School Holidays School Holidays 18. 25. Queen’s Birthday 2. October 7e - Reproductive Technologies & Ethics Calendar for Term 4, 2017 Monday Week 1 9 Tuesday 10. No students Week 2 16. 17. Assessment Free Week Week 3 23. Assessment Free Week 24. Year 11 Exams Week 4 30. Year 11 Exams Week 5 6. Wednesday 12. PERIOD ZERO: Human Reproduction Test. Topic 7 12.5% 18. Assessment Free Week 25. Year 11 Exams Thursday Friday 13. 19. 20. Assessment Free Week 26. Year 11 Exams Assessment Free Week 27. Year 11 Exams 2. Year 11 Exams 21. 22. 28. 29. 31. November Year 11 Exams 1. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Year 11 Exams 3. Weekend 14. 15. Year 11 Exams Year 11 Exams Year 11 off 4. 5. Week 6 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Week 7 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Week 8 27. 28. 29 30. 1 December 2. 3. Year 11 Last day Week 9 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Week 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16 17 School Holidays School Holidays 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 23. 24. 30. 1. ROSSMOYNE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - PROGRAM FOR UNIT 1 AND 2, 2017 * Please note this program is subject to change * Note: SIS = Scientific Inquiry Skills, SHE = Science as a Human Endeavour WEEK TOPIC Term 1, Week 1 Introduction Programs & Syllabus http://senior-secondary.scsa.wa.edu.au/syllabus-and-support-materials/science/human-biology RSHS Upper School Assessment Policy http://www.rossmoyne.wa.edu.au/about-us/policies/assessment-and-reporting-policy/ Materials: Textbook, Study Guide, Past Exam Papers Start Topic #1 1a. Scientific Inquiry Investigating Scientifically: Review terminology identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and predict possible outcomes (SIS) represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; qualitatively describe sources of measurement error, and uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions (SIS) Microscopes: Calculate magnification, field of view, estimate cell size TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 1 & 2, Pages 3-26 Microscopes Week 2 1b. Cells & Cell Transport OBJECTIVES & OUTLINE Cells: Review organelles from Year 10 Hierarchy (cells, tissues, organs, systems), structures and functions Label cell organelles and outline function/s Cell Membrane & Transport of materials: Structure of Cell membrane Fluid Mosaic Model Transport: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, Vesicular transport Factors affecting exchange of materials across the membrane: o Surface area to volume ratio o Concentration gradients o Nature of materials being exchanged Tissues Tissues: The various tissues of the human body perform specific functions and can be categorised into four basic tissue types: o Epithelial o Connective o Muscular o Nervous SIS – Use images of various tissues to communicate conceptual understanding and make predictions RESOURCES/SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS Scientific Method Terminology Homework: Scientific Method Questions Microscope Practice & Labs Calculation Worksheets Homework for weekend – Review cell organelles (Yr 10) TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 3-5, Pages 27-61 Cell worksheets Cell Transport flow chart STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Activity 11: SA:Vol – why is it important? Extended response practice: Previous exam questions on transport Create a comparison table of Tissue types (Types, where found in the body, description, special features) Worksheet – Predicting tissues ASSESSMENTS & IMPORTANT DATES Week 3 1c Cellular Metabolism Cellular Metabolism: Cellular respiration to release energy in form of ATP Catabolism vs. Anabolism ATP & its uses Aerobic vs. Anaerobic – reactants, products, location, amount of ATP TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 6, Pages 67-73 Comparison table – Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Investigation: Microscopes & Tissues 10% STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Activity 6: Respiration – Aerobic and Anaerobic Week 4 1d. Nutrients Enzymes Weeks 5+6 Week 7 Start Topic #2 2a. Digestion 2b. Excretion Week 8 Start Topic #3 3a. Respiratory System Nutrients: Cells require nutrients including: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids etc. Enzymes: Structure How they work – lock and key, activation energy Factors affecting – pH, temperature, concentration, co-factors and co-enzymes Digestive System: Digestion involves the breakdown of large molecules to smaller ones by mechanical digestions and chemical digestion (by enzymes) Structure and Function The sequence of organs is important in the efficient digestion of food and absorption of nutrients in providing the appropriate conditions and enzymes. Absorption & Efficiency of surfaces – large surface area of Small intestines aids in absorption, structure of villi Elimination is the removal of undigested material and some metabolic wastes from the body (SHE) Dysfunctions e.g. diarrhoea, constipation (SHE) Consequences of lifestyle – malnutrition, obesity, anorexia Excretion: Structure and function of organs involved Macrostructure of the kidney & urinary system Introduce structure of the nephron – filtration, reabsorption and secretion (no hormones req. For year 11) SHE: effect of performance enhancing drugs Urine composition with respect to volume & concentration. Hydrated vs. Dehydrated. Urine colour charts? The role of the liver and process of deamination Respiratory System: Structures and functions Gas exchange – Alveoli suited for function, internal vs. external respiration, how exchange is maintained SHE: dysfunctions of Resp system – diagnosis & treatment (Asthma, Emphysema) SHE: Consequences of life choices on the individual & foetus e.g. Smoking TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 6, Pages 63-67, 71 STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 20: Contents of my food Act 19, 21 or 22 (Food and nutrients) Act 27: Effective Enzymes TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 9, Pages 107-121 Tripe Dissection STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 23: Inside the Digestive System Act 24: Digestion Simulation Act 26: Why is there acid in my stomach? Act 28: Digestion of fats WEEK 6 PERIOD ZERO: Cell Test (Topic 1) 7.5% TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 10, Pages 122-134 Kidney Dissection STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 32: Urine Production TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 8, Pages 97-106 Lung Dissection STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Activity 12: Respiratory Volumes Extended Response: Digestion & Lifestyle 7.5% Weeks 9 + 10 3b. Cardiovascular System WEEK TOPIC Term 2, Week 1 Weeks 2+3 3b. Week 4 Week 5 Weeks 6+7 Circulatory System: The transport of materials within the internal environment for exchange with cells is facilitated by the structure and function of the circulatory system at the cell, tissue and organ levels. Heart structures and functions Outline the types and describe the structure and function of the different blood vessels and blood components Describe the pathway of systematic and pulmonary circulation Understand the role of the lymphatic system – return excess fluid to the CV system SHE: Blood transfusions rely on determining blood groups and can be used to treat many different diseases and conditions o Blood groups ABO & Rh+/- blood systems – blood matching of donor and recipient. Maternal & foetal incompatibility due to Rhesus SHE: consequences of lifestyle choices, including being active or sedentary Start Topic #4 4a. Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System OBJECTIVES & OUTLINE TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 7, Pages 75-96 Heart Dissection STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Activity 17: Cardiovascular Disease (Data Interpretation) RESOURCES/SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS WEEK 10 Investigation: Second Hand Data 10% ASSESSMENTS & IMPORTANT DATES Finish Cardiovascular System Revision for Systems Test (Week 2) Musculoskeletal System: Describe and label the macroscopic structure of the bone. (Compact vs. Cancellous) Names and label the bones of the human body (Axial and Appendicular) Describe and label the Haversian System Describe the different types of joints in the body – types, locations, features, range of movements SHE: strains and breaks Outline and describe the different types of cartilage Osteoarthritis & Osteoporosis – causes, impacts, symptoms, treatments Describe and compare the different types – skeletal, cardiac & smooth Label a Macroscopic skeletal muscle Explain muscles working in pairs - Agonist vs. Antagonistic movement Label a microscopic view/sarcomere – actin, myosin and the zones/lines/bands Explain in detail the sliding filament theory – contraction vs. relaxation. Rest of week: Catch-up TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 11-12 Pages 135-163 Long bone dissection STAWA Stage 3: Changing Bodies Act 26: Bones & Osteoporosis Act 27: Joints and Arthritis Act 28: Muscle Movement Videos ‘Sliding Filament Model’ WEEK 2 PERIOD ZERO: Systems Test (Topic 2 & 3) 10% Extended Response: Osteoporosis & Osteoarthritis 7.5% Assessment Free Week. Note: content may still be taught during this time Semester One Examinations SEMESTER 1 EXAM 40% Weeks 8+9 Review Exams (~2 days) Start Topic #5 5a. DNA DNA: Exam Review & Reflections Structure – histones, double stranded, nucleotide composition, base pairing Purpose – stores the information for the production of Proteins that determines the structure and function of the cells Describe DNA replication Protein Synthesis: Outline the process of Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation o Protein Synthesis involves the transcription of a gene on DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation into an amino acid sequence at the ribosome with the aid of tRNA. SIS: Use construct models of transcription & translation to communicate Week 10 5b. Epigenetics Epigenetics: Epigenetics is the study of phenotypic expression of gene, which depends on the factors controlling transcription and translation during protein synthesis, the products of other genes and the environment o Describe histone modification and DNA methylation SHE: discoveries made through modern biotechnological techniques have increases understandings of DNA & gene expression WEEK TOPIC OBJECTIVES & OUTLINE Term 3, Week 1 5c. Mitosis, Meiosis & Cancer Cell Reproduction Describe the stages of mitosis and the events that take place in each phase Describe the stages of Meiosis - stages of Meiosis allow for orderly distribution of haploid sets of chromosomes to daughter cells Compare Mitosis vs. Meiosis Briefly describe the common symptoms of cancer and treatments available. Outline the preventative tests available for Cancer screening – mammogram, pap smear, prostate check Week 2 Start Topic #6 6a. Inheritance, Punnett Squares Inheritance: Inheritance terminology & definitions Describe the different types of inheritance DNA profiling identifies the unique genetic make-up if individuals and can be used in determining parentage Probable frequencies of genotype and phenotype of offspring can be predicted using Punnett squares and by taking into consideration patterns of inheritance, including the effects of dominance/recessive, co-dominance, autosomal or sex-linked alleles and multiple alleles o Examples: Huntington’s Disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), ABO blood groups, red-green colour blindness, haemophilia TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 13 Pages 165-179 STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 34: DNA – Life’s Master Molecule STAWA Stage 3: Changing Bodies Act 13: Protein Synthesis and mutations Videos – Protein Synthesis STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 41: Nature vs. Nurture Extended Response: Protein Synthesis 7.5% STAWA Stage 3: Changing Bodies Act 14: Epigenetics and Gene expression RESOURCES/SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 14 & 15 Pages 181-190, 197-200 STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 33: Meiosis – Dividing to multiply TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 22 & 23 Pages 302-347 Terminology Sheet Punnet Square practice and predictions STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 36: What will my kids look like? Act 38: Monohybrid crosses ASSESSMENTS & IMPORTANT DATES Week 3 Week 4 Weeks 5+6 Week 7 6a Start Topic #7 7a. Reproduction & Gametogenesis 7b. Reproductive Cycles, Hormones & Fertilisation 7d. Development, Teratogens & Stem Cells Continue inheritance Pedigree charts can constructed for families with a particular genetic disorder and can be used to reveal patterns of inheritance and assist in determining the probability of inheriting the condition in future generations SHE: Select, construct & use appropriate representations, including models of karyotypes to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions Reproduction Outline the purpose of reproduction Male and female reproductive structures and functions o The production of offspring is facilitated by the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems in producing and delivering gametes for fertilisation and providing for the developing embryo & foetus Gametogenesis: o Human Reproduction: Human gametes are produced through spermatogenesis and oogenesis, which are specific forms of meiosis, but varying significantly in process and products o Both male and female reproduction is regulated by hormones including the regulation of the ovarian & menstrual Cycles: o Hormonal regulation of female menstrual and ovarian cycles: FSH, LH, Oestrogen & Progesterone o Role of hormones in male reproductive system – FSH, LH, Testosterone Coitus & Fertilisation: Outline sexual intercourse and events that take place For the establishment of a pregnancy, conception requires the union of viable sperm and ovum at the optimum time in the ovarian cycle Embryonic and Foetal development Briefly describe the stages/main events that take place over the embryonic and foetal period (during the 9 months) o Describe cell differentiation and the development of the three primary germ layers Outline the impact of Teratogens on the embryo/foetus SHE: lifestyle choices including diet, illicit drugs, alcohol and nicotine may affect foetal development Stem Cells: Define a stem cell Outline the 3 types and sources of stem cells (Totipotent, Multipotent and Pluripotent) Briefly describe the medical uses of stem cells Pedigree worksheets STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 39: Family Trees Investigation: Cancer 10% TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 15, Pages 191-196, 200-208 STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 42: Reproductive Systems TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 16 Pages 209-220 STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 44: Menstrual Cycles TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 17 - 18 Pages 222-249 STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 52: Foetal Growth & Development Act 53: Teratogens – Will this harm my baby? PERIOD ZERO: DNA & Inheritance Test (Topic 5 & 6) 12.5% Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 WEEK Term 4, Week 1 Week 2 Weeks 3+4 7e. Birth, Changes after birth & Breastfeeding Birth and Change Describe the events that take place during the three stages of Labour Compare circulatory changes that take place between foetus &. neonate Describe and be able to label breast structures and functions Describe the milk let down reflex and the hormones involved Compare Breast feeding vs. Bottle feeding (advantages and disadvantages on both mother and baby) 7c. Contraception & STIs Contraception and STIs: Contraception methods that reduce the probability of the union of gametes or implantation (all have limitation, risks and benefits). o Outline the different methods: Hormonal, Mechanical barriers, Chemical and Sterilisation (use, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages) Sexually Transmitted infections (STI’s), diseases transmitted through unprotected sex and genital contact, can be prevented through safe sex methods; early detection and treatment of infection are important and, if left untreated, STI’s can lead to serious health consequences o Outline the STI’s caused by: fungus, bacteria & virus (cause, symptoms, treatments) Reproductive Technologies: There are a range of techniques available to genetically screen embryos before implantation or during early development o Describe the different techniques used: Ultrasound, Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling, fetoscopy There are a variety of assisted reproductive technologies to help overcome infertility problems, but each has its limitations, risks and benefits o Discuss the different treatments available to help infertile couples Ethics: Discuss the issues/ethics surrounding stem cells and IVF SHE: the use of genetic profiling and genetic screening adults and embryos have ethical considerations 7f. Reproductive Technologies & Ethics TOPIC TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 19 Pages 260-272 TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 20, 21 Pages 273-287, 289-301 STAWA STAGE 2: BODY WORKS Act 45: Birth Control Act 46: STI’s other than HIV/AIDS Act 47: HIV/AIDS TEXTBOOK: UNIT 1&2 HUMAN BIOLOGY ATAR Chapter 18 Pages 235-237, 249-259 Extended Response: Contraception & STI’s 7.5% Act 28: Reproductive Technologies – Decisions Act 50: Prenatal Testing Act 51: Maternal & foetal observations OBJECTIVES & OUTLINE Revision/preparation for test and exams Investigation: Hormones 10% RESOURCES/SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS Past exam papers & Study Guide ASSESSMENTS & IMPORTANT DATES PERIOD ZERO: Human Reproduction Test (Topic 7) 12.5% Assessment Free Week - Note: content may still be taught during this time Semester Two Examinations SEMESTER 2 EXAM 40% USEFUL TERMINOLOGY The following terms are frequently used when asking questions in examinations and assessments. You should have a clear understanding of each of the following terms and use this understanding to answer questions appropriately. Account for: State reasons for, report on. Give an account of: Narrate a series of events. Analyse: Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications. Apply: Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation. Appreciate: Make judgement about the value of. Assess: Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size. Calculate: Ascertain/determine from given facts, figures or information. Clarify: Make clear or plain. Classify: Arrange or include in classes/categories. Compare: Give an account of similarities and differences between two or more items, referring to both (or all) of them throughout. Comparisons can be given using a table. Comparisons generally ask for similarities more than differences (see contrast). Construct: Represent or develop in graphical form. Contrast: Show differences. Set in opposition. Critically: Add a degree or level of accuracy depth, knowledge and understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to (analysis/evaluation). Deduce: Draw conclusions. Define: State meaning and identify essential qualities. Demonstrate: Show by example. Design: Produce a plan, object, simulation or model. Determine: Find the only possible answer. Describe: Provide characteristics and features. Discuss: Give an account including, where possible, a range of arguments, assessments of the relative importance of various factors, or comparison of alternative hypotheses. Distinguish: Give the difference(s) between two or more different items. Distinguish: Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from; to note differences. Draw: Represent by means of pencil lines. Add labels unless told not to do so. Estimate: Find an approximate value for an unknown quantity, based on the information provided and application of scientific knowledge. Examine: Inquire into. Evaluate: Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of. Explain: Relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident; provide why and/or how. Extract: Choose relevant and/or appropriate details. Extrapolate: Infer from what is known. Identify: Find an answer from a number of possibilities. Illustrate: Give concrete examples. Explain clearly by using comparisons or examples. Interpret: Comment upon, give examples, describe relationships. Describe, then evaluate. Investigate: Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about. Justify: Support an argument or conclusion. List: Give a sequence of names or other brief answers with no elaboration. Each one should be clearly distinguishable form the others. Measure: Find a value for a quantity. Outline: Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features of. Give a brief account or summary. Include essential information only. Predict: Suggest what may happen based on available information. Propose: Put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or action. Recall: Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. Recommended: Provide reasons in favour. Recount: Retell a series of events. Summarise: Express, concisely, the relevant details. Give a brief, condensed account. Include conclusions and avoid unnecessary details. Synthesise: Putting together various elements to make a whole. Solve: Obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods. State: Give a specific name, value, or other answer. No supporting argument or calculation is necessary. Suggest: Propose a hypothesis or other possible explanation.