Download Cells-Study-Guide-Answers-2014

Cells Study Guide:
1. What characteristics does an organism need to be living? Living things are made of cells, obtain and use energy, grow
and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, and adapt to their environment.
2. Who named cells? Robert Hooke
3. What cell parts does an animal cell have? What function does each part have? Eukaryotic Cell membrane – Controls
what goes in and out of the cell and forms the outer covering of the cell. It is semi-permeable. Cytoplasm - is a gel-like
matrix where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside the cell. Nucleus - contains the hereditary material DNA
and directs the activities of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of membranes composed of the rough ER
which is bound to the ribosomes to make it appear rough and smooth ER which is responsible for lipid synthesis, lacks
ribosomes & helps break down poisons, wastes, & other toxic chemicals. It is the transport system of the cell. Golgi
complex - is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products. Packages protein. Like a post office, the golgi
apparatus is used for shipping those goods created by the ER and ribosomes to the rest of cell. Lysosomes -are enzyme
sacs, that digest cellular wastes and also help in detoxification of the cell. It is the digestive system of the cell. It is like
the garbage dump. Mitochondria -is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy in the form of ATP. It is the
power house of the cell. Ribosomes -are made of RNA and proteins, and are sites for protein synthesis or produce
proteins. They are found freely suspended in the cytoplasm and also are attached to the rough ER. They are the most
numerous of the organelles. Nucleolus -is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes.
Vacuoles-They are the storage organelles. They store excess food, waste and water. Plant cells have a large central
vacuole that is important in maintaining plant turgidity. They are small in animal cells.
Plant cell? Eukaryotic-All of the above other than the lysosomes plus the following are found in the plant cell.
Chloroplasts-organelles found only in plant cells. Like a solar energy plant they use sunlight to create energy for the city.
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis a process in which the plant uses carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to
create energy in the form of glucose for the plant cell as well as heterotrophs that consume the plant. Cell walls are
nonliving, protective layers around the cell membrane in plants, bacteria, & fungi
Bacteria cell? Prokaryotic-No Nucleus Cell Wall-protects the cell and gives it shape. Cell Membrane-regulates
movement of materials into and out of the cell; contains enzymes important to cellular respiration. Cytoplasm-contains
DNA, ribosomes, and organic compounds required to carry out life processes. Chromosome-carries genetic information
inherited from past generations. Ribosomes- make proteins from amino acids.
Cell Parts
Bacterial Cells
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
1. Cell Wall
2. Nucleus
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
3. Cell Membrane
Yes
Yes
Yes
4. Vacuoles
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
5. Chloroplasts (organelles) (for
photosynthesis)
Some-blue-green bacteria has a
green pigment that makes its own
food.
6. Ribosomes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7. Cytoplasm
Be able to label an animal cell.
Yes
Yes
Yes
4. What structures are found in all cells? DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
5. What is the difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to
exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are, on
average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more
extensive than the DNA of prokaryotes. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is
held within its nucleus. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division).
6. How are plant and animal cells different? Animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Plant
cells have chloroplast for photosynthesis whereas animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
7. What type of microscope do we use in the classroom? Compound Light Microscope
8. How do you determine the total magnification that you are using to observe something on a microscope? Total
magnification of an object observed through the eyepieces (ocular lens) is calculated by multiplying the ocular lens
magnification times the magnification of the objective lens being used “X”is placed after obtaining the total
magnification number.
9. Where does photosynthesis take place in the cell? chloroplast What materials does it need to do its job? Water,
carbon dioxide (CO2), & sunlight
10. How is oxygen used in plant cells? As a raw material for cellular respiration remember, plant cells have mitochondria
along with chloroplasts..
11. What is required for cell growth and reproduction to work? Nutrients coming into the cell
12. The structures found in a living cell can be compared to the parts of a factory that produces cars. Which part of the
factory is most similar to the nucleus of a living cell? the computer room that controls the
assembly process
13. How do enzymes enter cells? through endocytosis
14. What is required to move particles from a less crowded area to a more crowded area?
energy
15. What is most likely to happen if a cell is placed in a high salt solution? The cell will
shrink in size as it loses water.
16. What is cellular division responsible for in animal skin tissue? growth and repair
17. How is mitosis different than meiosis? mitosis produces cells with identical amounts of
DNA while meiosis process cells half the amount of DNA Why do cells undergo mitosis?
To split into two different cells.
18. What are the levels of organization for structure and function in a human?
Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Systems
19. What is the process that is taking place in the diagram? photosynthesis
20. In order for cells to obtain glucose, which type of macro-molecules speed up chemical reactions so that more
complex molecules can be broken down into smaller subunits? proteins such as enzymes
21. To grow and divide, the cells of all organisms need nutrients. What type of transport would move simple
sugars like glucose from a higher concentration outside the cell to a lower concentration inside the cell?
Facilitated diffusion
21. A cell goes through three basic phases during its lifetime. What phase does it spend most of its time?
Interphase
22. Extended response: How do cells take in and use nutrients in order to grow, divide, and make needed
materials?
a. Identify and describe the primary structure used to transport nutrients into and out of the cell.
b.Describe the processes in which oxygen and a simple sugar (glucose) enter the cell for cellular respiration to take place.
(Be sure to use key vocabulary)
c.Explain and evaluate the processes in which cells generate ATP. Which process is the most efficient at producing ATP
and why?