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Transcript
Girona, Jewish city Educational documents for the guided tour to the Jewish History Museum of Girona Chronology GIRONA 717785 785 798 846 GENERAL 711 Muslim conquest Peninsula of the Iberian 800 Charlemagne is crowned as Emperor 850 Norman invasions devastate Europe 910 962 Cluny’s monastery is founded The Holy Roman Empire is founded by Otto I Golden Age of the Andalusian Judaism Girona under the Muslims The city surrenders to Charlemagne’s troops. Foundation of Girona’s county Muslim attacks damage the city walls Muslim armies lay siege to the city 8 8 9 - 25 Jewish families from Judaiques 890 (Besalú county) are established near the cathedral by the count Delà 963 News on Jewish properties and houses 9th to 988 A first synagogue is documented nearby the cathedral Pope Sylvester’s bull to collect census 9801040 to the Jews 1002 11th c. 1009 1010 1020 1035 1038 1047 Documents mention houses in the old quarter, property of Bellhom, Jew, and Blancúcia, Jew Jewish properties in the area of Vall de Sant Daniel Ermessenda, countess of Barcelona and Girona The Romanesque cathedral is consecrated Rahel, Jew, signs in Hebrew a document for the selling of a vineyard 1054 1068 Peace and Truce of God movement through Europe The Caliphate of Cordoba starts its dismemberment The Jewish community pays taxes to the cathedral 2 East-West Schism, confronting Rome and Constantinople GIRONA GENERAL 1147 Almoravids invade Al-Andalus and expel Jewish communities, which take shelter in the Northern Christian Kingdoms First Crusade. Massacre in the European Jewish quarters Crusade’s armies conquer Jerusalem Cid dies in Valencia Toledo’s Jewish population is attacked Bernard of Clairvaux funds the Cister order Moses ben Maimon, also known as Maimonides, is born in Cordoba British Jewish population from Norwich is attacked Almohads conquer Al-Andalus 1170 First universities 1212 Navas de Tolosa battle. The beginning of the end of the Islamic authority Bouvines battle. The British army is defeated by the king of France IV Council of Lateran establishes that the Jews have to wear distinctive signs Gregorius IX funds the Medieval Inquisition to fight the Catharist heresy Union of the kingdoms of Castile and Leon Expulsion of the Jewish communities from France by Louis IX 1086 1095 1099 1108 1115 ca. 1135 1144 1160 1193 1194 1204 First document mentioning the call (callis judaico, “Jewish quarter”) near the cathedral Ter’s floods and Black Death plagues cause famine and mortality Moses ben Nahman, philosopher, Talmudist and physician from Girona is born The Montjuïc’s Jewish graveyard is documented 12th to Kabbalah Circle in Girona, “the Mother 1214 13th c. city of Israel” 1215 1229 1230 1254 Girona welcomes eleven Jewish 1254 families fleeing from the expulsions in Roussillon and Languedoc 1260 3 Peasant revolutions against the nobility through Europe GIRONA 1276- The Jewish quarter 1279 occasional attacks 1279 1285 GENERAL suffer ca. 1275 Creation of the Zohar, the basic book of the Kabbalah, in Castile 1290 Expulsion of Jewish communities from England Marco Polo wrote his book of travels Papal bull Unam Sanctam, proclaiming the supremacy of the Pope over the Emperor some Astruch Ravaia is the royal deputy of Catalunya French siege and invasion of Girona The Jewish quarter is sacked by the Almogavars 1296 1302 1306- The Jewish quarter welcomes ten 1307 Jewish families from France Marguerite Porete dies burnt at the stake accused of heresy 1314- First great famine in Europe 1310 1317 1315 1321 First celebration of the feast and 1321 procession of Corpus Christi Return of the Jewish communities to France Dante Alighieri dies 1322 Another expulsion of the communities from France 1337 1342 The Gothic cathedral is consecrated 1348- Famine and Black Death Plague provoke 1348 1349 25% mortality The Hundred Years’ War starts 1331 1333 Jewish The Jewish quarter is attacked Documents talk about the “First Bad Year” Black Death plague through Europe Jews are accused of poisoning the water Peasant revolution in France: jacquerie Samuel Haleví is the treasurer of Peter I of Castile. He builds the synagogue of Toledo 1366- Civil war in Castile, with pillage in some 1369 Jewish quarters 1358 1360 4 GIRONA GENERAL 1368- Creation of Sant Feliu and Sant Pere 1374 burgs 1386 Queen Violant rules the Jewish aljama of Girona 1371 1373 1378 1389 1391 ca. 1400 1411 1414 1415 Great riot against the Jewish quarter, causing large number of conversions the night of Saint Lawrence The Jewish quarter is restricted to its urban area Vincent Ferrer preaches in Sant 1411 Domènec to encourage the conversion of Jews to Christianism 1448 1449 1473 Vincent Ferrer preaches in Castile for the conversion of the Jews 1413 In Bohemia, Jan Hus is burned at the stake for heresy 1431 In Rouen, Joan of Arc is burned at the stake accused of heresy Assembly of Jewish aljamas in Valladolid, Jewish life in Castile is restored A document mentions the poverty of Girona’s aljama The synagogue is closed due to Benedict XIII’s bull. The bishop confiscates the Talmudic texts and makes an inventory of the Jewish libraries 1432 1442 Toro’s Court force Jews to wear distinctive signs Crisis and hunger all over Europe Western Schism Turkish expansion over the Balkans Bay-Laws of prohibition addressed to the Jewish population Order of confinement of the Jewish families to the Jewish quarter Only 200 Jewish people remain in Girona 1452 1454 1469 Leonardo da Vinci is born Güttemberg prints the first book Wedding of Ferdinand, heir of Aragon, and Isabel, princess of Castile 1474 Isabel I becomes queen of Castile Girona has a population of 2.500 people 5 6 7 GIRONA GENERAL 1478 1483 First book printed in Girona 1483 1488 Tomás de Torquemada is appointed as the First Great Inquisitor Expulsion of the Jews from Andalusia Bible of Alba (first translation into Spanish of the Hebrew bible) 1490- Inquisition is established in Girona for 1491 the first time 1492 1492 Non-converted Jewish families have to leave Girona 8 Conquest of Granada Edict of expulsion of the Jews from the Hispanic kingdoms Discovery of America Glossary on Jewish historical and cultural terms Aljama A characteristic institution of the medieval Hispanic kingdoms, responsible for the government and internal administration of Jewish communities. An organ for the internal government of medieval Jewish communities. Bailiff The king’s representative for financial administration. Bet din A Jewish court made up of two or three judges charged with judging the internal affairs of the community. It was governed by Jewish religious law. Kabbalah A current of mystical and esoteric philosophy, characteristic of medieval Judaism, based on a belief in divine emanations (sefirot) which configure the created universe. Kabbalism originated in medieval Provence (Narbonne, Lunel) and arrived in Girona in the 12th century, where it came to attain a very high degree of sophistication. Kosher Means “suitable” and designates food considered pure and which may be consumed according to Jewish law: the meat of all ruminating mammals that have cloven hooves, and fish with fins and scales. Almost all birds may also be eaten, except for birds of prey. Reptiles and insects are also forbidden. Call The Jewish quarter in the towns and villages of medieval Catalonia. The Catalan word call derives from the Latin callis. In Lleida, it was referred as the cuirassa. Collecta An inter-community Jewish organization that combined various aljamas with a financial aim in mind: the allocation, imposition and gathering of taxes for delivery to the king. Council The governing body administering a town or a community. Converso/a A Jewish man or woman who has been received into the Christian faith. 9 Diaspora Dispersion. Word of Greek origin, meaning “exile”, that designates the dispersion of Jews around the world. Menorah The seven-branched candelabrum, symbol of Judaism. Mezuzah A roll of parchment on which are written the Jewish prayer (Listen Israel) and Shaddai (the word for “Almighty”), and which is placed in a tube or box and embedded in the right-hand door post of Jewish homes. When entering or leaving, Jews must place their hands over it, remembering that God gave the Law to His people. Pentateuch The first five books of the Bible, which form the Torah (or Jewish law). Pesach The festivity of Passover (the Jewish Easter). Prohoms Municipal leaders. Rabbi A man educated and ordained in the Law, and who may lead a community spiritually. Literally means “master”. Sabbath The day of weekly rest, during which it is not even allowed to light a fire or engage in any type of work. A day dedicated to prayer and reflection. It begins at dusk on Friday. Sepharad The name that the Jews gave to the Muslim and Castilian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. In the modern language, it is used to refer to Spain. Sephardi A Jew of Hispanic origin. Synagogue A word of Greek origin that means “meeting”. The place where Jews meet to study, pray and learn the law of God. In medieval Catalonia, synagogues were referred to as escoles (schools). 10 Torah The Jewish Law, consisting of the first five books of the Bible. In Judaism, this is the Law that God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai. Shehitah The ritual sacrifice of animals, with their throats cut facing towards Jerusalem, so that their flesh may be pure and kosher. 11 Bonastruc ça Porta Centre Jewish History Museum - Nahmanides Institute for Jewish Studies 8, Força street - 17004 Girona [email protected] - www.girona.cat/call callgirona SCHEDULE From September to June Tuesday to Saturday: from 10 am to 6 pm. Sunday, Monday and public holidays: from 10 am to 2 pm. July and August Monday to Saturday: from 10 am to 20 h. Sunday and public holidays: from 10 am to 2 pm.