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Bell Ringer –Wednesday, January 7, 2015 Describe a time you compromised on something with a friend. Did you ultimately get what you wanted? Explain. Agenda: 1. Bell Ringer / Attendance 2. Causes of the Civil War 3. Homework: Lotus Diagrams: Compromises Have out: Concept Sheet & lined paper Roots of the Antislavery Movement • By 1804, every northern state had ended or pledged to end slavery. • By the mid-1800s, a small but growing number of people were abolitionists, reformers who wanted to abolish, or end, slavery. • Frederick Douglas was African-American social reformer. Escaped from slavery and became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for speeches and antislavery writing. – Born into slavery. Broke the law by learning to read. – Spoke at anti-slavery rallies and published his own anti-slavery newspaper, the North Star. The Underground Railroad • Neither underground nor a railroad. • It was a network of peopleblack and white, northerners and southerners-who secretly helped slaves reach freedom. • Supporters donated food, clothes, and money to pay for passage on trains and boats. • Many risked their lives to help runaway slaves reach safety. The Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman • African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. • Born into slavery in New York, she escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. • Powerful voice of both enslaved African Americans and women. • Tubman helped up to 300 of the 50,000 slaves that gained their freedom via the Underground Railroad. Opposing Abolition • Many northerners profited from slavery. – Northern textile mill owners and merchants bought cotton produced by southern slave labor. • Northern workers feared that freed slaves might take their jobs. Manifest Destiny • Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the US. • Missionaries spurred settlement of the West. • Farmers wanted free, fertile land and a mild climate to grow their crops. Solution? Oregon! • The Oregon Trail – stretched 2,000 miles from Missouri to Oregon The Mexican American War • Both the U.S. and Mexico claimed the land as their own. • U.S. President Polk attempted to buy the land. Mexico wasn’t impressed. • Polk sent troops to the disputed land. • Mexico protected what they saw as their land. • Polk asked congress to declare war on Mexico. • America won the disputed land. The Lingering Issue • Between 1820 and 1848, an equal number (4 each) of slave and free states were admitted to the Union. • What about that land gained from the MexicanAmerican war? The Wilmot Proviso • Proposed that Congress ban slavery in all of the territory that might become part of the United States as a result of the Mexican American war. • Never made a law, but supporters of slavery (South) saw it as an attack on slavery by the North. • Democratic candidate for President in 1848, Lewis Cass, had a solution: – Popular sovereignty – the people in the territory or state would vote directly on issues instead of letting their elected representatives decide. Problem Solved? No. • What to do with California? – Northerners argued that it should be free because most of the land was north of Missouri Compromise line. – Southerners were worried that northerners would have unfair representation in senate. • Began to threaten to secede, or withdraw from the nation if California was admitted as a free state. The Compromise of 1850 • Designed to end the crisis over slavery by giving both sides part of what they wanted. – The North: California was admitted as a free state & banned slavery in the nation’s capital. – The South: Popular sovereignty would be used to determine the issue of slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession. Southerners got a tough new fugitive slave law. The Fugitive Slave Act (1850) • Declared that all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters. • Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. • Brought the issue home to anti-slavery citizens in the North as it made them responsible for enforcing slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) • Anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. • Uncle Tom, was an enslaved man who was brutally abused by his owner. • The book was a bestseller in the North! – The book, seen by many southerners as propaganda, made the issue of slavery real for so many Americans. Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) • Proposed that slavery in the new territories (Kansas and Nebraska) be decided by popular sovereignty. • Undid the Missouri Compromise. • Mostly supported by southerners because it was believed they would move into Kansas and Kansas would enter the Union as a slave state. Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861) • Series of violent political confrontations involving antislavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of the state of Missouri between 1854 and 1861. • The issue: whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. • Proslavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property, including slaves, into the territory. • Antislavery "free soil" forces said the rich slave owners would buy up all the good farmland and work them with black slaves, leaving little or no opportunity for white men. • Issue settled? Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) • A surgeon with the U.S. Army, purchased Dred Scott, a slave, and eventually moved Scott to a base in the Wisconsin Territory (where slavery was banned). • Scott lived there for the next four years, hiring himself out for work during the long stretches when Dr. Emerson was away. • Dr. Emerson died in 1843, leaving the Scott family to his wife. • In 1846, after laboring and saving for years, the Scotts sought to buy their freedom from Sanford, but she refused. • Dred Scott then sued Sanford in a state court, arguing that he was legally free because he and his family had lived in a territory where slavery was banned. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) • The Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. • The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. • The Court declared that slaves were property and had no rights. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859) • An unsuccessful attempt by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. • Brown's raid, accompanied by 20 men in his party, was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines. • Brown was taken to the court house, was found guilty of treason against the commonwealth of Virginiam, and was hanged. • Some southern whites lived in fear of a slave insurrection. After the raid southerners initially lived in fear of slave uprisings and invasion by armed abolitionists. Election of 1860 • Republicans: Abraham Lincoln – Senator from Illinois, born in KY – Strongly criticized slavery during debates • Southern Democratic Party: John C. Breckinridge – Democratic party was divided b/w North and South. Election of 1860 • With four candidates in the field, Lincoln received only 40% of the popular vote and 180 electoral votes — enough to narrowly win the crowded election. – 60% of the voters selected someone other than Lincoln. – Would the South accept the outcome? Southern Secession • Reaction to the election of 1860. South Carolina was the first southern state to do so (secede from the Union). • State by state, conventions were held, and the Confederacy was formed. • Within three months of Lincoln's election, seven states had seceded from the Union. • As Illinois celebrated the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency on November 7, so did Charleston, South Carolina, which did not cast a single vote for him. – It knew that the election meant the formation of a new nation. The Charleston Mercury said, "The tea has been thrown overboard, the revolution of 1860 has been initiated.” Essential Question & Your Homework • What were the South’s reasons for seceding? • Three paragraph response – Introduction: • Sentence 1 – restate prompt • Sentence 2-5 – explain significance • Sentence 6 – Thesis statement – The South seceded from the Union as a result of… – Body: • Sentence 1 – topic sentence • Sentence 2-5 – supporting details • Sentence 6 – clincher – Conclusion: • Sentence 1 – restate thesis (using different wording) • Sentence 2-5 – bring all the pieces of evidence together (summarize) • Sentence 6 – As a result of ______, the South seceded to the Union and paved the way for________.