Download Washington State Noxious Weeds

Washington State Noxious Weeds:
Laws, the Weed Board and Noxious
Weed Species
Wendy DesCamp
February 11, 2013
Today’s talk
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State Noxious Weed Board
Weed law review
Noxious weed listing process
New species for the 2013 noxious weed list
– Other changes for 2013 to noxious weed laws
• Additional noxious weeds
Photo by Xianming Chen, USDA-ARS
King County NWCB
The State Weed Board
• Consists of 12 unpaid public
officials
– 9 voting members
– 3 non-voting members
– 2 paid staff members
• Work with county and district
weed control boards
• Provide a voice to state and
federal government
• Promote public awareness
and provide educational
material
• Produce the annual noxious
weed list
Some commonly used terms
• Weed:
– A plant out of place, growing where we don’t want it.
• Non Native Weeds:
– Plants that have been introduced to a native plant
community either by contamination or by intentional
propagation
• Obnoxious Weeds:
– Plants that are an annoyance
– Can be controlled or managed relatively easily
• Invasive Weeds:
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Aggressive plants
Take over a “native” plant community
May have been intentionally introduced
Could also be natives
What makes a species invasive?
• Biological attributes:
Fast growing
Quick to mature
High seed output
Prolific vegetative
reproduction
– Usually perennials
– Tolerance to range of
environmental conditions
• Introduction into similar
latitudinal range
• Lack of environmental
constraints
Image: Wendy DesCamp
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Yellow archangel
Noxious Weed
• “Noxious weed”
means a plant that
when established is
highly destructive,
competitive, or
difficult to control by
cultural or chemical
practices.
RCW 17.10.10
The Noxious Weed Laws
• RCW 17.10
– Limit economic loss due to the presence and
spread of noxious weeds
– Holds landowners responsible for controlling
noxious weeds on their property
– Noxious Weed Control Boards—county and
state
WSNWCB
The Noxious Weed Laws
• WAC 16.750
– Weed list and
schedule of
penalties
• WAC 16.752
– Prohibited plants,
aka the
quarantine list
Noxious Weeds
• Plants are noted as aggressive and highly
difficult to control
• Plants have a significant ecological impact,
economic impact and/or cause harm to
humans and other animals
• 3 class of noxious weeds
Class A Noxious Weeds
• Class A consists of those
noxious weeds
– not native to the
Washington
– of limited distribution
or are unrecorded in
the state and
– that pose a serious
threat to the state
• Eradication is required of
all Class A noxious weeds
• Currently 41 species
Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Class B Noxious Weeds
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius)
• Class B: not native to the state
and are of limited distribution
or are unrecorded in a region
of the state and that pose a
serious threat to that region.
• "Class B designate" means
those Class B noxious weeds
whose populations in a region
or area are such that all seed
production can be prevented
within a calendar year.
WAC 16-750.003(2g)
Image: Thurston County NWCB
• Currently 62 species
Class B Designate Weeds
• Automatically placed on county weed list
• Goal: Containment, control and eventual
eradication
Class B Non-Designate Weeds
• County weed boards have ability to place
on their weed list
• Goal: prevent spread to designated areas
Class B Designation Regions
Up to 2013
Beginning in 2013 and onward
Class B example
Class C Noxious Weeds
• All other noxious
weeds
– Already widespread in
Washington or are of a
special interest to the
agricultural industry
• Some counties may
enforce control, but
many choose to
pursue education and
consultation avenues
• Currently 44 species
Canada thistle,
Cirsium arvense
State List to County List
County List
– All Class A’s
– Class B’s
designated by 16750
– Class B’s and Class
C’s counties
mandate control
– Other B’s and C’s
Monitor List
• Gather more information on suspect weeds
• Monitor for occurrence or spread
• Information collected may be used to justify
future inclusion on the state noxious weed list
• No legal or regulatory aspect to this list (WAC
16-750-025)
Lesser celandine, Ranunculus ficaria (Ficaria verna)
Images: Whatcom
County
NWCB
Whatcom
County
NWCB
The Noxious Weed listing process
• Jan-April: submission of
proposals
• May: Noxious Weed
Committee (NWC) begins to
review requested changes
• September: NWC
makes recommendations
to State Weed Board
• November: Public hearing,
State Weed Board votes on
changes
• January: New changes take
effect in new Noxious Weed
List
Noxious weeds are not all “bad” – nothing
is black and white
Images: Tim Miller WSU Extension
• We weigh the beneficial
uses with the detrimental
impacts
• Some plants provide
erosion control, ornamental
value, medicinal properties,
or nectar and pollen for
bees, but their ecological or
economic impacts outweigh
the beneficial uses.
Butterfly bush
Ecological Impacts
• Disrupts the balance of the ecosystem
– Displace native plant species
– Degrade water quality
– Disrupt native wildlife habitat
Whatcom County NWCB
Thurston County NWCB
Economical Impacts
Klickitat County NWCB
• Reduction in land
value
• Loss of grazing areas
• Decline in crop value
• Sickness and death in
livestock
• Cost of noxious weed
control
Public Health Impacts
Skin irritations/ Rashes
Allergies
Nausea
Death
King County NWCB
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Whatcom County NWCB
2013 Noxious Weed List Changes
• Species additions
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French Broom—Class A
Tall hawkweed—Class B
Common teasel—Class C
Common barberry—Class C
• Changes to listed species
– Japanese eelgrass—Class C
– 11 Class B noxious weeds changed to Class C noxious
weeds
• Other changes
– Update Class B designation regions
– Update state Class B designations for Class B noxious
weeds
French broom,
Genista monspessulana (L.) L. A. S. Johnson
• 2013 Class A noxious weed
• Eradication required
• Native to Northern Africa,
parts of Europe and Asia
• Naturalized in many
countries
• Noxious weed list
– California
– Hawaii
– Oregon (and quarantine)
WSNWCB
French broom
• Evergreen or deciduous
shrub
– typically growing 6-10 feet,
(sometimes taller)
• Young stems round in
cross section with 8-10
ridges and covered in silky
hairs
• Leaves typically densely
arranged on stems
• Divided into 3
• Variably covered in
silvery, silky hairs
WSNWCB
John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org
French broom
• Flowers yellow and pealike, around 0.4 inch (1
cm) long
• Axillary clusters of 4-10
• Seed pods hairy, around
1/2-1 inch long (1.5-3
cm)
• Over 8,000 seeds per
plant per year; seeds
survive 5+ years
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org
J. M. DiTomaso
John M. Randall, The Nature
Conservancy, Bugwood.org
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut,
Bugwood.org
J. M. DiTomaso
Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org
WSNWCB
Spanish broom
Scotch broom
French broom
Thurston County NWCB
0.4 inch (1 cm), in axillary
clusters of 4-10
WSNWCB
Scotch broom
Single or paired in leaf axils,
.75 to 1.2 inches
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
Pods hairless except for
margins, around 0.75-2 in.
Seed pods typically 1.5 to 4.3
inches long, densely covered
with silky hairs
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
John M. Randall, The Nature
Conservancy, Bugwood.org
Rob and Fiona Richardson
Spanish broom
Jenn Andreas, WSU Extension
French broom
French broom
Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org
• Introduced ornamental, doesn’t
appear to be commonly sold in
nursery trade.
• Invaded and caused significant
ecological and economic costs in
Oregon and California
• Identified in early 2010 growing on
the SE slope of the Montlake Cut on
UW property
• No other known escaped
populations
• Be on the lookout for French broom
Control
• Mechanical:
– Hand pull seedlings, shrubs can be effectively pulled
with weed wrenches
– Carefully timed cutting and mowing regimen
– Layer of woodchips, flaming on seedlings
• Biological:
– Goats
• Herbicide:
– Foliar spray , glyphosate (including a surfactant)
– Cutting and painting the stumps with glyphosate or
triclopyr
• Read and follow the herbicide label carefully
Tall Hawkweed, Hieracium piloselloides Vill.
• 2013 Class B noxious weed
– everywhere except Stevens
and Pend Oreille counties
• Native to temperate Asia
and Europe
• Noxious weed in Oregon
and Montana
• Shares the invasive
characteristics of other
hawkweed species-impacts to rangeland and
meadow ecosystems,
especially in mid to upper
elevations and in areas
with low fertility soils
King County NWCB
Margery Melgaard, University of
Wisconsin-Stevens Point
Tall Hawkweed
• Perennial, up to 3 ft.
• Without stolons, with
short stout rhizomes
• Mostly basal leaves
• Flowerheads 11-20 in
open, round-topped
cluster
King County NWCB
King County NWCB
Tall Hawkweed
• Grows in shallow, coarsetextured soil, particularly
along roadsides and in
outwash areas
• Counties with tall
hawkweed
– King, Snohomish and Grays
Harbor
• Currently limited in
distribution in
Washington
– more populations possible
due to its similarity to
other hawkweeds
King County NWCB
Tall hawkweed
• A long-term management strategy is needed
to control invasive hawkweeds
– Establish grasses and desirable plants
• Mechanical: hand digging can work for small
numbers
• Herbicide: selective herbicides such as 2,4-D
applied to growing plants before buds form
Common teasel, Dipsacus fullonum L.
• 2013 Class C noxious weed
• Native to Northern Africa, Western
Asia, Europe
• Naturalized in many countries
• Noxious weed in Colorado, Iowa,
Missouri, New Mexico
• Weed of roadsides and other
disturbed areas
• Increasingly a problem in quality
pastureland and farmland,
particularly in NW Washington
• Seed crop contaminant
WSNWCB
Common teasel, Dipsacus fullonum
• Typically biennials, up
to 7 feet tall
• Second year plants
produce dense
flowerheads
• 4 inches tall, ovalshaped, and consists of
rows of small, purplish
flowers
• A single plant can
produce thousands of
seed
Images: Steve Dewey, Utah State
University, Bugwood.org); David
Cappaert, Michigan State University,
Bugwood.org; David Cappaert,
Michigan State University,
Bugwood.org
Common teasel
• Skagit County NWCB has experimented by cutting
numerous seed heads, some as old as three years, at
different stages of development, and planting them;
seeds viable, even in old stocks
• Current management practices of roadside mowing is
spreading seed
WSNWCB
Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org
Control
• Mechanical:
WSNWCB
– Rosettes can be dug out of the ground, remove the
root to prevent resprouting
– Cut flower stalks after beginning to flower, remove cut
stalks (will need to be repeated)
• Herbicide:
– Foliar application, such as glyphosate and 2,4-D, can
be applied to the rosette stage
– Number of options in the PNW Weed Management
Handbook
• After control work, seed and plant areas with
competitive grasses, forbs and other desirable
plant species
Common Barberry, Berberis vulgaris L.
Richard Old, www.xidservices.com
• 2013 Class C noxious weed
• Native to Asia temperate,
Europe
• Introduced as an ornamental
shrub
• Naturalized:
– United States, Canada
Photo by Yue Jin, USDA-ARS
Common Barberry
• Deciduous shrub, upright, to
4 meters, yellow wood
• Stems with 3 parted spines at
nodes
• Leaves in clusters, spiny edges
• Pendant racemes of yellow
flowers, form scarlet berries
• Reproduces by seed
Richard Old, www.xidservices.com
– Seeds can remain viable for 9+
year
• Reproduces from rhizomes
that are detached from the
parent plant
Photo by Xianming Chen, USDA-ARS
Common barberry
• Alternate host for stem rust,
which can cause yield losses of
100% in wheat and barley crops
• Sexual reproduction of the
pathogen occurs on the barberry
– Potential development of new,
virulent stem rust races.
• Current law (WAC 16-472-030)
requires the destruction of
common barberry plants in the
wheat-producing parts of the
state
• Class C listing will help with
outreach efforts to educate
about the importance of
common barberry removal
D. Roberts WSU Extension
Common Barberry
• Mechanical: digging out plants
– Time consuming and generally not feasible
– Protective clothing
• Herbicide: D. Roberts and T. Murray WSU Extension 2012
• Cut stump treatment: use label rate for brush stump treatment
– Always mix with crop oil: Tordon (summer) and Imazapyr (summer
or fall)
• Foliar treatment during fall: Imazapyr
– Mix with crop oil
– Label rate for woody brush plants
• Report barberry findings at www.PNWstemrust.wsu.edu
• Questions: Diana Roberts [email protected] or 509-477-2167
Changes to listed species:
Japanese Eelgrass, Zostera japonica
WSNWCB
• Previously listed as:
– Class C noxious weed on
commercially managed shellfish
beds only
• Modified listing to:
– Class C noxious weed
WSNWCB
Changes to listed species:
Change 11 Class B noxious weeds to Class C
noxious weeds
• Reduce the size of county noxious weed lists
and give county weed boards the ability to
prioritize noxious weeds of local concern
• County noxious weed control boards would
have the option of choosing them for
mandatory control at the local level if they are
problematic in the county
Class B noxious weeds changed to
Class C noxious weeds
Austrian fieldcress, Rorippa austriaca
Common catsear, Hypochaeris radicata
Blackgrass, Alopecurus myosuroides
Polar hawkweed, Hieracium atratum
Class B noxious weeds changed to
Class C noxious weeds
Lawnweed, Soliva sessilis
Lepyrodiclis, Lepyrodiclis holosteoides
Longspine sandbur, Cenchrus longispinus
Oxeye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare
Class B noxious weeds changed to
Class C noxious weeds
Perennial sowthistle,
Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis
Wild carrot, Daucus carota (except
where commercially grown)
WSNWCB
Swainsonpea, Sphaerophysa salsula
WSNWCB
Previous Class B Designation Regions
Previous Class B Designation Regions
Counties that are split into two regions can
make designations confusing.
New 6-region designation map
Updating Class B Designations
• Update designations of the remaining 61 Class
B noxious weeds
• Based on the new noxious weed regions and
using current distribution data and input from
county noxious weed control boards
• The goal is to ensure that the Class B
designations are as accurate as possible and
easier to understand
Additional noxious weeds to be
watching for
**Early detection is key
**Report plants to your county noxious weed board
Shiny geranium, Geranium lucidum
WSNWCB
Thurston County Noxious Weed Control Board
WSNWCB
• Listed Class A in
2009
• Native to Europe,
Asia and N. Africa
• Annual or biennial
• Leaf and flower
stems red-tinge, not
hairy
• Up to 20 inches (50
cm) tall
Shiny geranium
• Leaves
– Shiny!
– Divided into 5-7
sections, each of
which is separated
into three lobes
– Top surface sparsely
covered with long,
stiff hairs
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
Shiny geranium flowers
• Flowering April-June
• Petals
– 5, pink
• Sepals
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–
WSNWCB
Green,
Hairless
Strongly keeled
Transversely wrinkled
WSNWCB
Shiny geranium
Bruce Newhouse of Salix
Associates
• Habitats include well-shaded
woodlands, forests openings;
also grows in full to partial sun
• Known locations in
Washington are limited (?)
(Thurston, Skagit, Clark,
Skamania, Lewis, King
counties)
• Already spreading rapidly in
NW Oregon
• Control:
• Hand-pulling , heavy mulch
layer
• Herbicide prior to blooming
• Clean shoes, equipment
Shiny and dovefoot geraniums
shiny
WSNWCB
Prominent
veins
dovefoot
Magenta, hairless
stems + shinier leaves
Green, fuzzy stems,
leaves soft and fuzzy
on both sides
Geranium comparisons
dovefoot
shiny
Herb-Robert
keels
hairless
ridges
Burgundy, no
keels or ridges,
hairy
No keels, smooth,
fuzzy
Fuzzy flower
stalks
Dovefoot geranium
Herb robert
Shiny geranium
Images Courtesy Dr. Tim Miller
Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoria)
• Mustard family
Brassicaceae
• Class A, 1988
• Annual, biennial,
perennial
• Up to 4 feet tall
• Deep taproot and
lateral roots
WSNWCB
Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
•Basal leaves and stem
leaves
•Glaucous
•Leaves have a cream
colored mid-rib from tip to
base
Dyer’s woad
• Branched flower clusters
• 4 yellow petals
• 6 stamens
WSNWCB
Dyer’s woad
• Flattened pods
• 3/8 to 3/4 inch
long
• Pod green,
matures to
dark purplish
brown to black
• Pear/oar shape
• High seed
production
Images: Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
Dyer’s woad
Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org
Habitats: rangelands, pastures, forest
lands, waterways, croplands and
disturbed areas: roadsides, gravel pits,
railroad right-of-ways
- Kittitas, Pierce, Yakima
Control:
Hand-pulling, cultivation in fields, targeted
herbicide
WSNWCB
Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
• Class A noxious weed
• Native to Europe, Asia
and N. Africa
• Biennial to short-lived
WSNWCB
perennial
• Grows up to 3 feet
• Garlic scented
• 1st year: rosettes—kidney
shaped leaves
King County NWCB
• 2nd year: Flowering
stems—triangular to
heart-shaped coarsely
wavy toothed
King County NWCB
King County NWCB
Garlic mustard
Basal leaves
Stem leaves
King County NWCB
WSNWCB
King County NWCB
WSNWCB
Garlic mustard
• Flowers have 4 white
petals and 6 stamens
• Seed pods (siliques)
long and slender,
curving upward, up to
2.4 inches long
• Self-fertile and has a
high seed production
rate
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
Garlic mustard
• Shade tolerant and
difficult to control once it
reaches a site.
• Outcompetes native
vegetation with early
spring germination and
can establish in a
relatively stable forest
understory
• Important to prevent
introductions, prevent
spread
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
Garlic mustard
• Habitats include: forest
understories, riparian areas,
flood plains, trails, railways
(sunny and dry)
Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org
Garlic mustard and
common nipplewort (Lapsana communis)
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
Flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus
• WA Class A noxious
weed (quarantine)
• Former pond
ornamental
• Submersed or
emergent, freshwater,
aquatic perennial
Images courtesy Ben Legler
Flowering rush
• Stout rhizomes, can
form bulbils
• Leaves submersed or
emergent
• Leaves fleshy, blade
triangular proximally,
flattened distally
• Growth can have
twisted/spiral growth
Jenifer Parsons, WA DOE
Flowering rush
• Pretty, umbellate pink
flowers with 3 petals
and 3 sepals
• Sporadic flowering
Images © 2004, Ben Legler
Image courtesy Dr. Peter Rice
Distribution
• Capable of spreading
aggressively along
waterways via rhizomes,
rhizome branches,
inflorescence bulbils and
possibly seed
• Wide range of hardiness
• Can impede recreational
activities, choke
irrigation ditches, and
provide habitat for snail
carrying swimmer’s itch
parasite
• Regional concern for MT,
ID, WA, and OR
Flowering Rush
© 2004, Ben Legler
• Difficult to control
• Mechanical, herbicide
• Flowering Rush
Biocontrol Consortium
– Lead: Jennifer Andreas,
WSU Extension, IWCP
[email protected]
Tim Miller, WSU Extension
Tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea
Whatcom County NWCB
• Class B noxious weed
• Biennial to perennial
• 1st year: rosette of ruffled
leaves
• 2nd year: upright flowering
stems to 4 feet
• Flowerheads in flat-topped
clusters
• Each flowerhead: typically
13 ‘petals’
WSNWCB
WSNWCB
Tansy ragwort
• Disturbed ground,
roadsides, pastures, fields
and cleared forested areas.
• Tansy ragwort is toxic and
can be lethal to cattle and
horses
– Toxic properties remain in cut
plants found in hay
• Hand pull plants, bag and
remove
• Large infestations -combination of manual,
biological and chemical
control
• Replant and monitor
Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
Remember . . .
• You are our eyes on the
ground
• You see new
infestations, plants that
are new or different
• Ask for help identifying
unknown plants
• Important to prevent
spreading these and
other invasive plants
King County NWCB
WSNWCB
Questions?
Contact:
Wendy DesCamp
[email protected]
(360) 725-5764
Website
http://www.nwcb.wa.gov
Wendy DesCamp