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Unit 2: Organization and
Patterns in Life
Living Environment, Mr. Graham
Periodic Table of Elements
What are living things made of?

Living things are
composed mainly of
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
Macromolecules

Macromolecules are large molecules
which are built by joining smaller
molecules together. The smaller
molecules are called monomers,
which join together to form
polymers.
Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Organic – Contains both C
and H

Examples:




Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acid (RNA,
DNA)
Inorganic – Doesn’t
contain both C and H

Examples:





Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Salts (i.e. NaCl)
Minerals
Four Organic Compounds




Carbohydrates
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Building large molecules of life

Chain together smaller molecules


building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little
molecules

polymers
Building large organic molecules

Small molecules = building blocks

Bond them together = polymers
Making and Breaking of
POLYMERS

Cells link monomers to form polymers by
dehydration synthesis (building up)
Short polymer
Remova
l of
water
molecul
e
Unlinked
monomer
Longer polymer
Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – suga
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide –
nucleotide
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
 Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino
acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
How to take large molecules apart

Hydrolysis (Digestion)


taking big molecules apart
getting raw materials


for synthesis & growth
making energy (ATP)

for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
Making and Breaking of
POLYMERS

Polymers are broken down to monomers by the
reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add
water; lysis ~ to split)
Addition of
water
molecule
Example of digestion
ATP
ATP
ATP
starch
ATP
ATP
ATP
glucose
ATP

Starch is digested to glucose
Carbohydrates – breads,
pastas, and potatoes.


Living things use
carbohydrates as
their main source of
energy.
There are three main
types of
carbohydrates.



Monosaccharide glucose
Disaccharides sucrose
Polysaccharides –
starch, cellulose,
and glycogen.
Carbohydrates

Building block molecules = sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Building carbohydrates
1 sugar =
 Synthesis
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
glucose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
maltose
BIG carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

large carbohydrates

starch


energy storage in plants
 potatoes
glycogen

energy storage in animals
 in liver & muscles
poly = many
 cellulose


structure in plants
 cell walls
chitin

structure in arthropods & fungi
 exoskeleton
Cellulose

Cell walls in plants


herbivores can digest cellulose well
most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
 cellulose = roughage



stays undigested
keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Proteins


Proteins have many
different functions.
Proteins are build
from individual units
called called an amino
acid.
Examples include:




Enzymes – catalyze
chemical reactions.
Antibodies (immune
system) – protect the
body from pathogens.
Hormones – chemical
messengers.
Receptor Molecules –
cellular communication
For proteins: SHAPE matters!

Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape


that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
growth
hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen
It’s SHAPE that matters!


Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape
Unfolding a protein destroys its
shape


wrong shape = can’t do its job
unfolded
unfolding proteins = “denature” “denatured
temperature
 pH
”

In Biology,
it’s the SHAPE
that matters!
folded
Amino acids can be linked
by peptide bonds


Cells link amino acids together by dehydration
synthesis
The bonds between amino acid monomers are called
peptide bonds
Dehydrati
on
synthesis
Amino
acid
Amino acid
PEPTIDE
BOND
Dipeptide
Lipids

Function:

energy storage
very concentrated
 twice the energy as carbohydrates!




cell membranes
cushions organs
insulates body

think whale blubber!
Lipids
 Examples
 fats
 oils
 waxes
 Steroid
 sex
hormones
hormones

testosterone (male)

estrogen (female)
Saturated fats

Most animal fats


solid at room
temperature
Limit the amount
in your diet


contributes to
heart disease
deposits in arteries
2003-2004
Unsaturated fats

Plant, vegetable & fish fats

liquid at room
temperature


the fat molecules
don’t stack tightly
together
Better choice in your
diet
2003-2004
Nucleic Acids


DNA and RNA are
nucleic acids.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
and ribonucleic acid.
Nucleic acids store and
transmit hereditary
information.
Nucleotides are the
monomer of nucleic
acids.
Nucleic acids

Building block = nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide –
nucleotide

5 different nucleotides


different nitrogen
A, T, C, G, U
sugar
phosphate
Nitrogen bases
bases
I’m the
A,T,C,G or U
part!
N base
sugarN base
Nucleotide chains

Nucleic acids

phosphate
nucleotides chained
into a polymer

sugarN base
DNA
phosphate
 double-sided
strong bonds
 double
helix
 A, C, G, T

sugarN base
RNA
phosphate
 single-sided
 A,
sugarN base
C, G, U
phosphate
RNA
Indicators – a substance that changes color
in the presence of a specific chemical.

Lugol’s Solution (Iodine)


Benedict’s Solution


Test for monosacchrides (i.e. glucose)
Litmus Paper


Tests for starch
Tests for Acids and Bases
Bromothymol Blue

Test for Carbon Dioxide
Lugol’s Solution


Yellow = no starch
Brown/Black =
starch
Benedict’s Solution



Blue = no glucose
Brown = glucose
The solution with
Benedict’s solution
MUST be heated
for 3-5 minutes in
order to properly
conduct this test.
Negative
Test
Positive Test
Bromothymol Blue



Blue = basic (>
7.6)
Green = neutral
(~7.0)
Yellow = acidic (<
6.0)
DNA

Double strand twists into a double helix

Weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogen
bases join the 2 strands
A
pairs with T
 A :: T
 C pairs with G
 C :: G

the two strands can
separate when our
cells need to make
copies of it
weak
hydrogen
bonds