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Ancient Greece Notes The Geography of Greece Greece is very mountainous – Separated the different city-states from one another Had many peninsulas – 2 main ones Peloponnesus Balkan Had many different waterways – Seas – Straits – Islands – Harbors Dardanelles – Strait that connects Aegean Sea to the Black Sea – Strait- thin area of water connecting two other waterways Physical geography shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek Civilization Sea (trade & cultural diffusion by boat) 1. Shift from barter to money (coins) economy 2. Skilled sailors, poor in natural resources Land (mountainous, ¾ Greece mountains) 1. Mountainous terrain helped and hindered development of city-states 2. Rival city-states developed (couldn’t unite under single government) 3. Colonization related to overpopulation & search for arable land 4. Agriculture: limited arable land (20%): small streams not suitable for irrigation projects Commerce and spread of Hellenic culture Homer Blind poet, had great influence on Greek religion and thought Famous for his two epics: long poems that tell the adventure of heroes during the time of the Trojan War Wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey The Iliad is the story of the 10 year Trojan War and tells of the heroism of Hector and Achilles. The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus’ ten year journey back to home Ithaca after fighting against the Trojans. Greek Mythology Traditional stories about gods Explain natural phenomena, human qualities (love, hate), & life events Based on polytheistic religion that was integral to culture, politics, and art of ancient Greece Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, images, and architecture come from ancient Greek mythology Greek gods and goddesses Zeus: ruler of the gods (god of Gods) Hera 1. Wife of Zeus 2. Goddess of marriage Apollo: God of poetry and music Artemis: Goddess of the hunt Athena 1. Daughter of Zeus, born from his head 2. Goddess of wisdom Aphrodite: Goddess of love Greek Religion Believed gods lived in Mt. Olympus Greeks gave offerings to oracles: priests who predicted the future Greek Political Structures Polis: city-state (Greece was not a country but a collection of city-states) Acropolis: Public center 1. Fortified hill where male citizens gathered to conduct business 2. Built forts on hill for protections: people went there when attacked Polis had three groups 1. Citizens (Free adult males): Had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government 2. Women and foreigners had no political rights 3. Slaves had no political rights (non-citizens, 1/3 pop) Sparta builds a military state Occupied Peloponnesus, southern peninsula of Greece Built military state: aimed to produce fearless men & women Militaristic and aggressive society Had rigid social structure Government was an oligarchy: rule by small group Education: 1. Age 7 boys moved into military barracks 2. Lived there 23 years to toughen body, learn discipline, and train for war 3. Learned to be brave & endure pain in silence 4. Age 30 left barracks returned to become full fledged citizens Women wanted to have strong babies: sickly babies left on hilltop to die Children were told to win or die trying: “Come home with shield on or on it” No braver warriors than Spartans 1. Admired for courage and obedience 2. Criticized for one-sidedness 3. Always sacrificed self for the good of Sparta Athens Political, commercial, & cultural center of empire Felt people who did not use minds led an empty life Stages in evolution of Athenian government 1. Monarchy (King & Queen) 2. Aristocracy (rich, those thought to be best qualified) 3. Tyranny (one person) 4. Democracy (government rule by the people) Tyrants worked for reform Draco – Asked by Aristocrats to write down city’s laws 1. Meant to prevent uprising by poor 2. Laws were harsh: meant to make society more just 3. Many had to sell themselves into slavery Solon – Statesman & poet known to be wise and fair – Cancelled debts of poor, made slavery for debt illegal – Made legal system in which all citizens could serve as jurors – Increased power of middle & lower classes: displeased Aristocrats Athenian Democracy Greeks 1st to establish democracy Greece became the foundation of modern democracies although not everyone got to participate in decision making process Government in which free citizens rule themselves Direct Democracy 1. Citizens participated directly 2. Only free adult males Public Debate Duties of the citizen The Persian Wars 499-449 B.C. (B.C.E.) Greece vs. The Persian Empire 1. United Athens and Sparta against The Persian Empire 2. Were competing city-states prior to war 3. Although different did share some things 1. Same language 2. Believed in same gods 3. Read & recited poems of Homer 4. Competed in same athletic contests Battle of Marathon Persians landed at Marathon: 25 miles from Athens Persians outnumbered Greeks (25K to 10K) but Greeks better trained Reported casualties: Persians 6,400, Athenians 192 Greeks win: send messenger to Athens to tell of victory 1. Pheidippides (returned from Sparta 150 mi away) 2. Got to Athens cried out “Rejoice we are victorious” then fell over dead 3. Modern marathon is 26 miles & named in his memory Victories in Marathon and Salamis helped maintain control of the Aegean Sea Consequences of the Persian Wars The Greeks defeated the Persian Empire and preserved their political independence Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations government and culture Delian League 1. Created by Pericles 2. Created to keep out foreign invaders 3. Sparta did not join Had Persians succeeded western development would be much different Golden Age of Pericles Pericles had three goals for Athens 1. Strengthen Athenian democracy • Most adult males had an equal voice 2. Hold & strengthen Athenian empire • Use money from Delian League’s treasury to build Athens's 200 ship navy • Delian League established under Pericles 3. Glorify Athens • Bought gold, ivory, and marble • Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars: Parthenon is an example The Parthenon Built to honor Athena-goddess of wisdom Sculpted by Phidias Greek Drama Greeks 1st to write plays: tragedy & comedy Aeschylus: wrote only complete trilogy that exists today from the 1st Greek dramas, Orestia: plays about the Trojan War Sophocles: Greek dramatist: most famous play was Oedipus Rex: An oracle predicts Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother which Oedipus unwittingly does in this play Greek History Historians concerned with the truth Herodotus 1. Known as “Father of History”, thought by some to be 1st Greek historian 2. Wrote about conflicts between Greeks & Persians in his History of the Persian Wars Thucydides 1. Greek historian who was an Athenian General during the Peloponnesian War 2. After he lost in battle he was exiled where he wrote his History of the Peloponnesian Wars 3. Strove for accuracy and objectiveness in his works Greek Architecture Types of columns 1. Doric (Parthenon): most basic and non-decorative 2. Ionian 3. Corinthian: most decorative of all Science Archimedes 1. Mathematician who was an inventor of many practical objects including pumps for irrigation and mines and weapons for war 2. Known for work in geometry with cylinders and spheres and for computing value of pi Hippocrates 1. Greek doctor who believed diseases were caused by natural causes 2. Hygiene, sound diet, and plenty of sleep 3. Developed Hippocratic Oath which is a code of ethics doctors still take today Mathematics Euclid 1. Brought about much of the knowledge that is known as geometry 2. Defined abstractions such as points and lines 3. Set down general rules called axioms Pythagoras 1. Described as first pure mathematician 2. Developed Pythagorean Theorem Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom Socrates 1. Spent life in pursuit of true knowledge 2. Socratic Method: back up your answers with clear logical arguments: question & answer approach 3. Accused of teaching students to think for themselves: sentenced to death by drinking the poison hemlock Plato – Student of Socrates, gathered his ideas and wrote them down Aristotle – Believed goal of humankind was to achieve happiness Peloponnesian War 431-404 B.C. Competition between Sparta & Athens for control of Greece helped cause war (Sparta resentful of Athens) Athens & Delian League vs. Sparta & the Peloponnesian League Athens strongest power by sea; Sparta by land (phalanx) Two events spell disaster for Athens 1. Plague killed 1/3 to 2/3 Athenian population, including Pericles 2. Total destruction of Syracuse: ally of Athens Sparta wins war Resulted in slowing of cultural advances and weakening of political power Macedonian Takeover The Macedonian conquest of Greece followed the weakening of Greek defenses during the Peloponnesian War Phillip II 1. King of Macedon 2. Brilliant general 3. Conquered most of Greece: respected culture: let it flourish 4. Dies: son Alexander takes over Alexander the Great Student of Aristotle Became King at age 20 Conquered Persian Empire, invaded Egypt (named a Pharaoh) Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of India Extended Greek cultural influences throughout his vast empire Hellenistic Age Diffusion of Greek ideas eastward Blend of Greek and oriental elements Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade