Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Renaissance 1350-1550
Document related concepts
Transcript
The Renaissance 1350-1550 • French Word for “rebirth” • The transition period in Europe from medieval to modern culture. It is generally viewed as a rebirth or reawakening of learning and the arts. • It began in the Italian city-states where there was a new form of society emerging. A society where wealth and skill was more important than land ownership and titles of nobility. ORIGINS Trade with Asia increased during 1300s Italian merchants organized this trade and trade cities in Italy grew wealthy Competed to create works that would increase prestige of their cities Florence became a center for banking, art, culture & literature The Renaissance began in Italy and spread throughout Europe STRICT CLASS SOCIETY • • • Nobility - most powerful, but smallest group •Born into this class, not earned • Had to follow strict rules & expectations Clergy •Leaders of the church Peasants and Townspeople • Townspeople were divided into three groups • Patricians—had wealth from trade, banking, and industry. • Burghers---were shopkeepers, artisans, and guild members who provided goods and services. • Workers (Peasants)—general labor and the unemployed. • Made up 85-90% of population HUMANISM A philosophy or attitude that places humankind and human values, welfare, and creativity at the center of consciousness. Humanism was the philosophy that, beginning in the 14th century, was a central feature of the Renaissance in Italy, and spread over the rest of Europe in the following three centuries. It taught classical learning and art as well as to seek fulfillment in daily life, and that each person has dignity and wealth. FLORENCE The Medici Family ruled Florence from the 13th – 17th centuries Wanted to make Florence the most beautiful city, so they became patrons of the Arts Commissioned many expensive and impressive works of art from the leading artists of the time. ROME Home of the Catholic Church Popes commissioned artists to beautify the city of Rome Spent lots of money on art by leading artists: ARTISTS Michelangelo (1475-1564): born in Caprese Sculptor, painter, architect, poet, engineer Considered the greatest artist of his time period for his innovative techniques and style Commissioned by the Medici and the Catholic Church Works include: statue of David & Pieta, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (frescoe), and was the architect of St. Peter’s Bascilica Artists continued Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): born in Vinci The original Renaissance Man: the ideal humanist painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, musician, inventor, mathematician Best known as a painter for such works as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper Also revered for his technical ingenuity: Produced sketches of helicopters & tanks, developed theories on solar power and plate tectonics LITERATURE Petrarch (1304-1374)- the father of Humanism scholar & poet Recovered manuscripts & works of Greek & Roman writers Dante (1265-1321)– father of Italian Language Divine Comedy – greatest works of Italian literature Machiavelli (1496-1527) - Italian statesman, author, and philosopher Written in everyday language (first to do this) His best-known work, The Prince Shakespear (1564-1616) – English writer Considered the greatest writer of all time Wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnet Reflected the Renaissance ideals of classical Greek & Roman Culture SCIENCE Johannes Gutenberg (1398 – 1468): German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer & publisher Developed movable type for printing which allows for the mass production of books Revolutionizes book making and helps spread the ideas of the Renaissance Impact of this invention: easier to publish books, increases literacy & increases production of vernacular literature (common language – not Latin) CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RENAISSANCE Invention of Gutenberg Press Banking Industry Exploration, colonization of new world Expansion of trade Humanism Reintroduction of Greek & Roman knowledge & philosophy Gateway to modern art forms Increased scientific knowledge & desire to know more THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Religious reforms dividing the western Christian Church Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of power and corruption Christian Humanists – wanted to reform Church Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious (Christ-like) Desiderius Erasmus – father of Christian Humanism Suggested reforming from within the Church DESIDERIUS ERASMUS Erasmus was a Dutch scholar, humanist, and theologian. Was ordained a Catholic priest, but never practiced priestly duties. Instead, he studied theology and classical Greek at the universities in Paris and Cambridge. Critical of some of the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church. Sought to reform the Catholic Church. CALLS TO REFORM THE CHURCH In Praise of Folly – by Erasmus Best-seller (only Bible sold more by 1550) Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy Book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther WHY REFORM? Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership Scientific advances contradicted the Church People wanted to know how to save souls Indulgences – a release of a soul from purgatory for monetary donation – a HUGE abuse of Church power!! MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) He was a monk and professor at the university of Wittenberg, where he lectured on the Bible. Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation. 3 IMPORTANT TEACHINGS OF MARTIN LUTHER Salvation is by faith alone and not works. Religious truth and authority is found only in the Bible, not the clergy or the Church. The church was a priesthood of believers not a hierarchy of clergy. NINETY-FIVE THESES Angered by the practice of the selling of indulgences by the Church, on October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. Luther’s written objections to indulgences 1,000 copies distributed through Germany This was originally intended to invite debate from other Catholic theologians, but is now considered to be the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. THE REFORMATION BEGINS By 1521 Luther moving toward split from Church Wanted German princes to overthrow Papal power in Germany and establish a German Church Luther is excommunicated Summoned by Imperial Diet of Holy Roman Empire to Worms Called by Emperor Charles V, wanted Luther to change his ideas, Luther – “NO” Edict of Worms issued, making Luther an outlaw Luther kept in hiding by his prince Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen. PROTESTANTISM SPREADS Ulrich Zwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland Banned all religious relics & images Whitewashed all church interiors No Music in church services Does not merge with Luther because they can’t agree with the meaning of communion John Calvin – replaces Zwingli (killed in religious war) Frenchman who fled for safety to Switzerland 1536 – began reforming Switzerland Sent missionaries thru Europe to convert Catholics Ideas spread to France, Netherlands & Scotland By Mid 1500’s – Calvinism more popular than Lutheranism REFORMATION IN ENGLAND Political, not religious motives for reform Henry VIII – King of England Needs a male heir to carry on Tudor Dynasty Married Catherine of Aragon (related to Holy Roman Emperor - German) Have a daughter, Mary No son, so Henry wants a divorce! In Catholic Church, you need an annulment granted by the Church. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND CONT. Pope refused to grant an annulment, too political (King of England vs. Holy Roman Emperor – German) After long argument, Henry decides to break from the Church Archbishop of Canterbury grants divorce Act of Supremacy (1534)established the Church of England (Anglican Church) King has control over Doctrine and appointments Dissolves Catholic claims, sells land & possessions But remained close to Catholic teachings WHAT WAS THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION? Prior to the Reformation, all Christians were Roman Catholic The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church. In the end, the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions. The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions.
