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Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards • SC.912.L.17.5* Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (HIGH) • • • • • • • • • High Complexity High complexity benchmarks make heavy demands on student thinking. Students must engage in more abstract reasoning, planning, analysis, judgment, and creative thought. These benchmarks require students to think in an abstract and sophisticated way, often involving multiple steps. Skills related to high complexity benchmarks include the following. Construct models for research Generalize or draw conclusions Design an experiment Explain or solve a problem in more than one way Provide a justification for steps in a solution or process Analyze an experiment to identify a flaw and propose a method for correcting it Interpret, explain, or solve a problem involving complex spatial relationships Predict a long term effect, outcome, or result of a change within a system BENCHMARK SC.912.L.17.5 • Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems • Standard Standard 17 Interdependence • Benchmark SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (Also assesses SC.912.L.17.2, SC.912.L.17.4, SC.912.L.17.8, and SC.912.N.1.4.) Benchmark Clarifications • Students will use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem. • Students will assess the reliability of sources of information according to scientific standards. Bell Ringer • Great White Shark vs Orca Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. The size of a population is always changing • Four factors affecting size – immigration – births – emigration – deaths Population growth is based on available resources • Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources Logistic vs Exponential Growth Funny Bunnies Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. Predator Prey Relationship The predators keep the prey population under control and the size of the population of prey limits the amount of predators an ecosystem can support. Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components Abiotic – – – – – – – Water Air Nutrients Rocks Heat Solar energy pH Biotic – Living (or once living) – Interactions • Competition • Predator – prey • Symbiosis Major Biotic and Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem Ecological Relationships graphic organizer Concept Predation Predator Prey Symbiosis Parasitism Commensalism What I know What I learn Predation • Predators – – – – Use pursuit Ambush Camouflage Chemical warfare (venom) • Prey – – – – Swift movement Shell Camouflage Chemical to poison 13 PREDATION 14 15 16 17 18 Span worm Wandering leaf insect Poison dart frog Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Bombardier beetle Hind wings of moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal Foul-tasting monarch butterfly When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake Some ways prey species avoid their prey Giant swallowtail butterfly larva (Papilio cresphontes). Hawkmoth caterpillar. 20 21 22 24 25 Symbiosis • Any interaction between two species – Parasitism – Commensalism – Mutualism Parasitism • Live on or in another species • Host is harmed – Ex. Tapeworms, ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, Candiru (vampire fish), Lamprey Mutualism (benefits both species) – Pollination mutualism (between flowering plants and animals) – Nutritional mutualism – Lichens grow on trees – Birds/rhinos- nutrition and protection – Clownfish/sea anemones – Inhabitant mutualism – Vast amount of organisms like bacteria in an animal’s digestive tract – Termites and bacteria in gut 28 Commensalism – Helps one species but does nothing for the other Ex. Redwood sorrel grows in shade of redwood - Humans and Eyelash Mites 29 Ecosystem Relationships Manipulative Cards In groups pair each picture with the correct interaction Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predation Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth Limiting factor principle Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit (or prevent) growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near optimal range Range of Tolerance for a Population of Organisms INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE Ecological factors limit population growth • A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. • Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. Biotic Factors – predation – competition – parasitism and disease Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density Reduces Biodiversity! Abiotic Factors – climate change – natural disasters – human activities – introduction of invasive species – habitat degradation – pollution Ecological Succession • Succession is the sequence of biotic changes that regenerated a damaged community or create a community in a previously uninhabited area. • The two types: – Primary succession – Secondary succession Primary Sucession • Is the establishment and development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited. • The first organisms to live there is referred to as the pioneer species. May be licens, mosses, fungi which may break down rock, forming soil, which will eventually grow vegetation and so forth. Examples Secondary Sucesison • Is caused by a disturbance such as a fire or hurricane destroys an established community. • It is the reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem.