Download Invertebrate Notes

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ANIMALS (INVERTEBRATES)
Animals are the most physically diverse kingdom of organisms.
All animals share a unique set of derived characters
Animal cells are supported by __________________________.
1. three-stranded protein found in _____________________________
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2. Most animals have _______________________
Homeotic genes control __________________________________
3. Hox genes determine the position of
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4. A Hox gene mutation leads to the development of a body structure
in the ________________________________________.
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More than 95 percent of all animal species are ______________________________
• Each animal phylum has a unique body plan.
• Vertebrates have an internal _______________________________________
• Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
• ___________________________________s encompass most animal groups.
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Differences in body plans result from differences in the expression of ____________
− Hox genes tell embryonic cells which body part to become.
− Mutations in Hox genes led to _______________________ of animal species.
Three criteria are used to categorize animals.
– __________________________________
– Tissue Layers
– _________________________________
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There are two types of body plan symmetry.
– ____________________________: body divides equally along one
plane
– ____________________________: body arranged in circle around a
central axis
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Animals are divided into two major groups, the protostomes and the
deuterostomes.
Protostomes __________________________________________________________.
Deuterostomes ________________________________________________________
Sponges and cnidarians are the simplest animals.
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Sponges have specialized cells but __________________________________
Sponges are the most primitive animals on Earth.
– closely related to group of ____________________________
– ____________________________________ (Immobile)
– reproduce both sexually and asexually
– ______________________________________
______________________________ are the oldest existing animals that have
specialized tissues.
• Cnidarians have two body forms.
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
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The four major cnidarian classes are defined by their dominant body form.
• ___________________________ such as sea anemones have a dominant
polyp stage.
• ___________________________ such as hydra alternate between forms
• ___________________________ are jellyfish with a dominant medusa form.
• ___________________________such as sea wasps have a dominant medusa
form.
FLATWORMS
• Flatworms are simple ________________________________________
• Flatworms have a solid body and incomplete or absent gut.
• There are three classes of flatworms.
– planarians
– Fluke
– tapeworms
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Mollusks are diverse animals.
• Mollusks and other bilateral animals have a
_______________________________.
– A complete digestive tract has two openings: a mouth and an anus.
• Most mollusks are classified into three (of seven) classes.
• gastropods
• pelecypods (also called bivalves)
• cephalopods
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Annelids (round worms) have segmented bodies.
• Segmentation refers to the repeated sections of an annelid’s body.
• The coelom is a fluid-filled space completely surrounded by muscle.
• Roundworms shed their stiff outer skeleton as they grow.
• Roundworms are protostomes with bilateral symmetry.
– Many roundworms are ____________________________
• Nearly every plant and animal species are parasitized by roundworms.
– hookworms
– pinworms
Echinoderms have ___________________________ symmetry.
• Echinoderms have an _____________________________ made of
interlocking ossicles.
• Some echinoderms can regenerate limbs or other body parts.
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Arthropod features are highly adapted.
• Arthropods are invertebrates that share several features.
– ____________________________________ (cuticle) made of chitin
– _______________________________________________________
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• Arthropods are classified into five groups.
_____________________ ---extinct, bottom feeders
_____________________—live in oceans, freshwater streams, and on land
_____________________—specialized dagger like mouthparts
_____________________—most live on land, have six legs
_____________________—long bodies and many pairs of legs
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Joints are made of stiff and flexible cuticle to allow movement.
The exoskeleton is made of many layers of ________________________
– hard material that protects the body
– must be shed in order to grow
– Arthropods have an open circulatory system.
– Sensory organs such as antennae are made of modified cuticle.
– Most arthropods have compound eyes.
______________________________________ evolved as marine arthropods.
– two distinct body sections, __________________________________
– ________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________
– Carapace
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Crustacean appendages are used for a variety of functions.
– collecting and manipulating food
– attracting females
– protection
Crustaceans vary in both anatomy and structure.
– _______________________ such as lobsters and crabs have ten legs.
– _______________________ are sessile filter feeders wrapped in a
hard shell
– _______________________ such as pill bugs have flattened bodies
and seven pairs of legs
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Chelicerates
___________________________________ are the largest group of chelicerates.
• There are three major groups of chelicerates.
– ______________________________________________
– ______________________________________________
– ______________________________________________
Chelicerates share several features.
– _____________________________________________________
– _____________________________________________________
– one pair each of chelicerae and pedipalps
_________________________________ are a group of chelicerates that live on land.
– eight legs
– fanglike pincers
that inject venom
– silk glands
• Arachnids have evolved into a diverse group.
• Spiders make up half of the more than 60,000 known arachnid species.
• Arachnids also include mites, ticks, chiggers, and scorpions
____________________________________are the dominant terrestrial arthropods.
• Insects are in nearly every ecological niche.
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Insects have a body with _______________________________________
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In complete metamorphosis, the insect changes form entirely.
There are three life stages of incomplete metamorphosis.
− _________________
− _________________
− _________________
− _________________
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Arthropods and humans share many of the same resources.
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Many arthropods are herbivores that eat plants humans also depend on.
– Arthropods cause millions of dollars of crop damage.
– Insecticides have unwanted side effects.
Some arthropods can spread human diseases.
• ______________________________are organisms that carry disease from
one host to another.
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Bubonic plague is caused by a bacterium carried by fleas.
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Yellow fever is caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes.
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Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite carried by mosquitoes.
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West Nile virus is caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes.
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